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biol 1190 > ch 1 class > Flashcards

ch 1 class Flashcards

1
Q

define dissection

A

careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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2
Q

define anatomy and physiology

A

anatomy: study of body structures and their relationship among structures

physiology: study of the body functions

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3
Q

name some branches of anatomy

A

developmental biology, embryology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, clinical anatomy, pathological anatomy

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4
Q

what is developmental biology

A

branch of anatomy, the growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

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5
Q

what is embryology

A

branch of anatomy, first 8 weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; earliest stage of developmental biology

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6
Q

what is cell biology

A

branch of anatomy, cellular structure and functions

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7
Q

what is histology

A

branch of anatomy, microscopic structure of tissues

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8
Q

what is systemic anatomy

A

structure of specific systems of the body

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9
Q

what is regional anatomy

A

specific regions of the body (head, chest)

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10
Q

what is surface (topographical) anatomy

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)

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11
Q

what is imaging anatomy

A

internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, CT scans, MRI

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12
Q

what is clinical anatomy

A

application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences

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13
Q

what are some branches of physiology

A

molecular physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology

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14
Q

what is molecular physiology

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

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15
Q

what is neurophysiology

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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16
Q

endocrinology

A

functional properties of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood)

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17
Q

cardiovascular physiology

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

immunology

A

body’s defence against disease-causing agents

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19
Q

respiratory physiology

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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20
Q

renal physiology

A

functions of the kidney

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21
Q

exercise physiology

A

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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22
Q

pathophysiology

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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23
Q

what are the six levels of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal

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24
Q

explain the chemical level of structural organization

A
  • atoms (C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S) join to form larger molecules
  • the 4 macromolecules in our body are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
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25
Q

explain the cellular level of structural organization

A
  • cells are the basic structural and functional living units of an organisms
    -smalled living units in the human body
    -stem cells differentiate to become specialized cells with different functions
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26
Q

explain the tissue level of structural organization

A

-tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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27
Q

explain the organ level of structural organization

A
  • organ: composed of two or more different tissue types
  • have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
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28
Q

explain the system level of structural organization

A
  • system: related organs that have a common function
29
Q

explain the organismal level of structural organization

A

organism: any living indv

30
Q

what are the 11 systems of the human organism

A

digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphoid, urinary, genital

31
Q

what are the 4 tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

32
Q

integumentary system

A

skin and associated structures (finger/toenail, sweat glands, oil glands)

  • function: protects body; regular body temperature, eliminates waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations (pain, warmth, cold), stores fat for insulation
33
Q

skeletal system

A

bones, joints and associated cartilage
- function: supports and protects body, SA for muscle attachments, movement, houses blood cells, mineral and lipid storage,

34
Q

muscular system

A

skeletal muscle tissue
- function: body movement, maintains posture, heat production

35
Q

nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerv es, special sense organs (ears, eyes)
- function: generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in internal and external environment, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions (homeostasis)

36
Q

endocrine system

A

hormone-producing glands (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid glands, ovaries, testes)
-function: regulates body activities by releasing hormones

37
Q

cardiovascular system

A

blood, heart, blood vessels
-function: pumpts blood through blood vessels, transports oxygen and nutrients to body, eliminates waste (nitrogen-waste and CO2), regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water contents of body fluids
- blood components defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

38
Q

lymphoid system

A

lymphatic fluid (lymph plasma), lymph vessels, nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
- function: returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood, site of natural and proliferation of B and T cells (protect against disease-causing microbes)

39
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes)
-function: transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids, produce sound through vocal cords

40
Q

digestive system

A

gastrointestinal tract organs: mouth, salivatory glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, liver, small and large intestines, rectum, anus

41
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
-function: produces, stores and eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintain acid-base balance of body fluids, mineral balance, regulate production of rbc

42
Q

genital (reproductive) system

A

gonads (testes, ovaries)
- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, ovaires, mammary gland
- epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, penis, testes)

43
Q

what are the 6 life processes in humans

A

reproduction, growth, responsiveness, differentiation, movement, metabolism (catabolism, anabolism)

44
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment produces by the interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes

45
Q

which two systems are the main contributors to maintaining homeostasis, and how

A

nervous system: detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract changes in controlled conditions
endocrine system: regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones

46
Q

what are the 3 components of the feedback loop

A

receptors: monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to control center (afferent pathway)
control center: sets the value at which control condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors and generates output commands when needed (efferent)
effectors: receive output from control center and produces a response (effect) that alters the controlled condition

46
Q

what are the 3 components of the feedback loop

A

receptors: monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to control center (afferent pathway)
control center: sets the value at which control condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors and generates output commands when needed (efferent)
effectors: receive output from control center and produces a response (effect) that alters the controlled condition

47
Q

ex of negative feedback

A

regulation of blood pressure
- stimulus: rises blood pressure
- baroreceptors: pressure-sensitive nerve cells in blood send impulses to brain
- brain: control center, sends output to heart
-heart (effector): heart rate decreases to normal

48
Q

ex of positive feedback

A

childbirth
- stimulus: stretching of cervix
- receptors: stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix sends input to brain
-control center: brain, responds by releasing oxytocin (output)
- effector: uterus, oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract more forcefully
- more oxytocin is released as cervix is stretched and contractions are more forceful, cycle is broken with birth of baby

49
Q

anatomical position

A

subject stands erect facing observer, head is levelled, eyes face directly forward, feet flat and directed forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward

50
Q

what are the principal regions

A

head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

51
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure
ex: the ascending colon and gallbladder are ipsilateral

52
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure
ex: the gallbladder and ascending colon are contralateralal

53
Q

name and explain all the planes

A

sagittal: longitude plane that divides body into left and right sections
midsagittal: sagittal plane along midline
parasagittal: unequal right and left sides
coronal: anterior and posterior
transverse: inferior and superior
oblique: not a 90degree angle

54
Q

cranial cavity

A

formed by cranial bones and contains brain
-meninges lining

55
Q

vertebral canal

A

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
- meninges lining

56
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity, contains pleural, pericardial and mediastinum
- pleural cavity: (2), each contains a lunc
- pericardial cavity: contains heart
-mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity, extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, contains all thoracic viscera organs except for lungs
-serous membrane of lung: pleura
-serous membrane of heart: pericardium

57
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
- abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen, gall bladder, liver, small intestine, most of large intestine, serous membrane: peritoneum
-serous membrane: peritoneum
- pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, portions of large intestines, internal organs of reproduction
-membrane:

58
Q

serous membrane of the lung

A

pleura

59
Q

serous membrane of the heart

A

pericardium

60
Q

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

61
Q

what separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

62
Q

organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

viscera

63
Q

where in the 4 quadrants are the following located

Stomach:
Gallbladder:
Liver:
Pancreas:
Spleen:
Ascending colon:
Descending colon:
Transverse colon:
Appendix:
Hepatic flexure:
Splenic flexure:

A

Stomach: RUQ and LUQ
Gallbladder: RUQ
Liver: RUQ and LUQ
Pancreas: RUQ
Spleen: LUQ
Ascending colon: RLQ
Descending colon: LLQ
Transverse colon: RUQ and LUQ
Appendix: RLQ
Hepatic flexure: RUQ
Splenic flexure: LUQ

64
Q

2 parts of the serous membrane

A

parietal - lines cavites
visceral - covers viscera
- fluid in btw

64
Q

2 parts of the serous membrane

A

parietal - lines cavites
visceral - covers viscera
- fluid in btw

65
Q

palpation vs auscultation vs percussion

A

palpation: gentle touching
auscultation: listening to body sounds (stethoscope)
percussion:

66
Q

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the lungs would be detected during breathing by

A

auscultation

biol 1190 (4 decks)

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