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immune system > L2 > Flashcards

L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the things formed within whole blood?

A

Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells (luekocytes)
Red blood cells

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2
Q

Where do blood cells come from? (hematopoiesis)

A

Bone marrow stem cells (pluripotent)

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3
Q

What are the 3 blood cells that can arise from stem cells?

A

Erythoid
Myeloid
Lymphoid

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4
Q

What is the erythroid lineage?

A

develops into red blood cells

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5
Q

What is myeloid lineage form?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate immune cells)

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6
Q

What is lymphoid lineage form?

A

B and T lymphocytes (adaptive immune cells)

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7
Q

What are the two lineages which make white blood cells

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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8
Q

What are neutrophils? and their features

A

Type of granulocyte

75% of all leukocytes, highly phagocytic which increases in number during infection

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9
Q

What are mast cells and their features

A

Granulocytes

Line mucosal surfaces
Release granules to attract white blood cells to tissue damage

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10
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages

A

Monocytes in blood (lowphagocytic)
When entering tissues they develop into macrophages which are highly phagocytic

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis
release of chemical messengers
Show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells (links innate and adaptive immunity)

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12
Q

What is sessile macrophage?

A

Resident to area

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13
Q

Migratory macrophage

A

Move around the body

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14
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

-Low number in blood and tissue
-Trigger adaptive immune response due to surface area
-phagocytosis

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15
Q

How do cells of immune system move around the body?

A

Cells carried in blood and in lymph

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16
Q

What is the relationship between lymph tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

A

Lymph in tissues collects into lymphatic vessels which drain into lymph nodes

17
Q

How does innate cells recognise pathogens?

A

Through pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPS) they all have the same building block

18
Q

What is the common building blocks of viruses?

A

ssRNA, dsRNA

19
Q

What is the common building blocks of bacteria?

A

-Cell wall: lypopolysaccharide (SPS) / endotoxins, Lipoteichoic acid
-Flagellin
-Unmethylated CpG DNA

20
Q

How is our innate system able to recognise PAMPS?

A

pattern recognition receptors on cell wall surface of a phagocytic cell

which sends signals to nucleus to change gene transcription

21
Q

What happens when gene transcription in up regulated in phagocytic cell?

A

Increased expression of molecule to hlep kill pathogen

22
Q

What happens when a phagocytic cell eats a pathogen?

A

Membrane bound vesicle forms around pathogen called phagolysosome

23
Q

What happens to pathogen when in phagolysosome?

A

Broken down and releases its nucleic acids which is recognised by pattern recognition receptors on phagolysosome

This sends signals to nucleus to regulate gene transcription

24
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A

pattern recognition receptors located on phagocytic cell and phagolysosome

25
Q

What is a fever?

A

Higher temperature
Resetting of thermostat (hypothalamus)

26
Q

(fever) What are the signals recieved by hypothalamus?

A

Pyrogens - released by immune system cells (telling it to raise body temperature)

27
Q

(fever) What is the pyrogen released by a phagocytes?

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) after ingesting bacteria

28
Q

Why might a fever be useful?

A

-reduce bacteria replication by making environment more hostile (hot)

-Enhance immune cell function, increasing gene expression (increasing effectiveness of immune response

29
Q

(fever) how does body decrease back to normal temperature

A

Decrease of pagocytosis leads to decrease of IL-1

immune system (9 decks)

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