LECTURE 18: RESPIRATORY

Question 1

Respiratory system

Answer 1

comprises lungs and airways (trachea and bronchi)

Question 2

respiration is controlled by

Answer 2

rhythmic discharges form medulla

Question 3

asthma is

Answer 3

a non-communicable, long term inflammatory respiratory disease that causes narrowed airways and several symptoms

Question 4

what kind of administration is used for asthma and why

Answer 4

inhalation for localised delivery

Question 5

asthma attack consists of

Answer 5

acute phase (bronchospasm) and delayed phase (inflammation)

Question 6

drugs in asthma are aiming to

Answer 6

relieve symptoms and prevent reoccurrence of attacks

Question 7

two major categories of asthma drugs

Answer 7

bronchodilators and antiinflammatory

Question 8

bronchodilators consists of

Answer 8

1) sympathomimemics
2) xanthines
3) anticholinergic

Question 9

sympathomimemics

Answer 9

B agonists -> bronchodilation

Question 10

sympathomimemic e.g.s

Answer 10

salbutamol, salmeterol, vilanterol

Question 11

Xanthines

Answer 11

phosphodiesteras einhibitors -> increse cAMP leading to bronchodilation

Question 12

xanhtine e.g.

Answer 12

theophylline

Question 13

anticholinergic

Answer 13

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Question 14

anticholinergic e.g.

Answer 14

ipratropium

Question 15

antiinflammatory consits of

Answer 15

1) corticosteroid
2) leukotriene antagonists
3) cromolyn and nedocromil
4) omalizumab

Question 16

corticosteroid

Answer 16

glucocorticoid binds to glucocorticoid receptor to up regulate expression of several anti-inflammatory proteins and down regulate pro-inflammatory proteins

Question 17

corticosteroid e.g.s

Answer 17

prednisolone, fluticasone, cortisone

Question 18

Leukotriene antagonists

Answer 18

drugs that inhibit the leukotriene pathway, an important inflammatory singalling pathway induced in airway smooth muscle contraction

Question 19

Leukotriene drugs

Answer 19

• zileuton: inhibits 5-lipoxygenase to block formation of leokotriene
• montelukast: blocks cystLTI receptor, blocks leukotriene D4 action

Question 20

Cromolyn and Nedocroomil

Answer 20

are mast cell stabilizers that prevent release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine

Question 21

Omalizumab

Answer 21

binds to IgE and reduces binding to its receptors on the surface of basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells

limits degranulation of mast cells leading to decreased release of inflammatory mediators

Question 22

allergic rhinitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the mucus membranes of the nose

Question 23

treatment of allergic rhinitis

Answer 23

1) corticosteroid
2) cromolyn
3) nasal decongestants
4) antihistamines

Question 24

nasal decongenstants

Answer 24

a1 agonsits
phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

Question 25

antihistamines

Answer 25

act of peripheral H1 histamine receptors to reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Question 26

allergic rhinitis antihistamine examples

Answer 26

antazoline and loralodine

Question 27

COPD

Answer 27

group of related progressive illnesses that caause breathing issues and blocked airways

Question 28

COPD e.g.

Answer 28

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 29

drugs used in COPD

Answer 29

bronchodilator and corticostroids

Question 30

Cough

Answer 30

protective reflex that helps clear the airways of irritants, fluid or pathogen

Question 31

should the cause of cough or the cough itself be treated

Answer 31

the cause, so may need antibiotics

Question 32

cough drugs

Answer 32

1) dextromethorphan
2) codeine
3) pholcodine

Question 33

dextromethorphan

Answer 33

suppresses cough reflex by binding to sigma receptors in the cough centre of brain (medulla)