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medical microbiology > L 25 - CONDENSED > Flashcards

L 25 - CONDENSED Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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2
Q

True or False: Malaria is caused by obligate, intracellular protozoan parasites

A

True

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3
Q

P. vivax only infects which cell type?
A. RBC
B. Reticulocytes
C. RBC of all ages

A

B. Reticulocytes (immature RBC’s)

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4
Q

Schuffner’s Dots are associated with:
A. P. ovale
B. P. malariae
C. P. vivax
D. P. falciparum

A

C. P. vivax

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5
Q

____ is a benign tertian malaria where as ___ is a malignant tertian malaria

A. P. vivax; P. falciparum
B. P. falciparum; P. vivax
C. P. vivax; P. ovale

A

P. vivax; P. falciparum

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6
Q

True or False: P. falciparum is the most severe form of malaria because it infects RBC OF ALL AGES

A

True

  • Thankfully, there’s a vaccine available
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7
Q

True or False: Ovale malaria causes a fever ever 3rd day, but milder than P. vivax. It is the least common of all species

A

True

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8
Q

Schuffner dots, gametocytes and infect red cells, with fibrated edges suggest…
A. P. ovale
B. P. vivx
C. P. falciparum

A

A. P. ovale

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9
Q

Band-shaped trophozoites suggest…
A. P. ovale
B. P. vivx
C. P. falciparum
D. P. malariae

A

D. P. malariae

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10
Q

True or False: P. vivax (benign) and P. ovale (milder) can lead to relapse – P. falciparum and P. malarie (quartan) do not lead to relapse

A

True

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11
Q

Which is the most mild form of malaria?
A. P. vivax
B. P. falciparum
C. P. malariae
D. P. ovale

A

D. P. ovale

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12
Q

Which phase of the malaria life cycle occurs in the definitive host (mosquito)? Which phase occurs in humans (intermediate host?

A

Sexual phase (sporogony)
- mosquito (definitive host)

Asexual phase
(schizogony)
- human (intermediate host)

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13
Q

In sporogony phase of malaria, ingestion of ____ by mosquito occurs and ____ are produced
A. gametocytes; sporozoites
B. sporozoites; gametocytes

A

A. gametocytes; sporozoites

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14
Q

During which phase of malaria are schizonts made, which release merozoites?
A. Schizogony (asexual)
B. Sporogony (sexual)

A

A. Schizogony (asexual)

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15
Q

Sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver, where they form ____

Infected hepatocytes rupture and release _____, which invade RBC

The merozoite becomes a ____ (ring form) in RBC

A

merozoites

trophozoite

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16
Q

True or False: During the malaria life cycle, hypnozoites remain in liver

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: During the malaria life cycle, in the RBC, the trophozoite multiplies, producing new merozoite (differentiates into erythrocytic schizont with merozoites(

A

True

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18
Q

_____: Infective form for humans, found in salivary gland of female anopheline mosquito. Quickly homes into liver to become hepatic SCHIZONT
A. Schizont
B. Sporozoite
C. Hypnozoite
D. Trophozoite

A

B. Sporozoite

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19
Q

_____ latent form found in hepatocyte, made by species that cause relapsing malaria (P.vivax and ovale) – may persist in liver for years before releasing merozoites (via rupture)

A. Schizont
B. Sporozoite
C. Hypnozoite
D. Trophozoite

A

C. Hypnozoite

20
Q

In malaria, _____ refers to reactivation of infection via hypnozoites

A

relapse

21
Q

______: Actively growing amoeboid feeding forms (aka: ring forms) – found intracellularly in RBC. Develops into SCHIZONTS with more MEROZOITES.

A. Schizont
B. Sporozoite
C. Hypnozoite
D. Trophozoite

A

D. Trophozoite

22
Q

____: Form developed from a trophozoite (has undergone asexual multplication) – found in the exo-erythocytic schizont

A. Schizont
B. Sporozoite
C. Hypnozoite
D. Trophozoite

A

A. Schizont (erythrocytic)

23
Q

____ (hepatic and erythrocytes): end product of schizony. They are the daughter cells of a schizont. Release from liver cells or RBC, but infect more RBC’s.

A. Schizont
B. Sporozoite
C. Hypnozoite
D. Trophozoite
E. Merozoite

A

E. Merozoite

24
Q

____: Pre-gamete stages which can mature into gametes when acquire by Anopheles.

Microgametocytes in ___
Macrogametocytes in ___

A

Gametocytes

Microgametocytes = male

Macrogametocytes = females

25
Q

True or False: Malaria vaccines target sporozoites

A

True

26
Q

True or False: P. vivax and P. ovale form hypnozoites

A

True

27
Q

True or False: Schizonts and mature trophs of P. falciparum are hard to find

A

True

28
Q

True or False: Cyclic paroxysms are synchronized with schizogony

A

True

29
Q

What triggers cyclic paroxysms?

A

Synchronous rupture of infected erythrocytes/release of merozoites

30
Q

True or False: A paroxysm is a sudden recurrence of disease + worsening of sx

A

True

31
Q

What causes the Prodrome in malaria? Paroxysm?

A

Prodrome
- early synchronicity

Paroxysm
- massive, synchronous lysis of erythrocytes + release of merozoites + parasite metabolic waste products

32
Q

Most of the pathologic findings of malaria result from destruction of ____ via: 1) release of merozoites and 2) sequestering by spleen, following my lysis

A

RBC

33
Q

Hemoglobinuria (dark urine) as well as occulusion of capillaries are symptoms of which type of malaria?

A

P. falciparum

34
Q

How do you confirm malaria?

A

Thick (identify organisms) and thin smears (species) of blood stains with G. stain

35
Q

What is the vector that carries B. microti (Babesiosis)? Reservoir?

A

Vector: Tick
Reservoir: White footed mouse

36
Q

True or False: Similar to malaria, Babesia microti has a exoerythrocytic stage (liver stage)

A

False - while malaria has an exoerythrocytic stage (liver stage) Babesia does NOT have a liver stage

37
Q

True or False: Persistent fever, not recurrent suggests Babesiosis

A

True

38
Q

You look under a microscope and see lysis of erythrocytes by the parasite. Patient complains of hemolytic anemia and has elevated liver function tests.

Which microbe were they likely infected by??

A

Babesiosis (B. microti)

39
Q

Classic maltese cross, which forms a tetrad, suggests which condition?

A

Babesiosis

40
Q

Toxoplasmosis is a sporozoan and obilgate intracellular parasite that has which two trophozoite forms in humans?

A

1) Tachyzoite
- actively proliferating
- infects mononuclear phagocytes

2) Bradyzoite
- cyst that harbors dominant form
-brain/cardiac/sk m

41
Q

Who is the definitive host of Toxoplasmosis? The intermediate host?

A

Definitive: Cat
Intermediate: Humans

42
Q

True or False: In human host, Toxoplasmosis parasites form tissue cysts

A

True

43
Q

True or False: Unsporulated oocysts are shed in cat feces – in toxoplasmosis

A

True

44
Q

In toxoplasmosis, oocysts transform into ___ shortly after ingestion. These localize in neural/m tissue and develop into tissue cyst ____

A

tachyozoites; bradyzoites

45
Q

CSF can be used to diagnose ____

A

Toxoplasmosis

medical microbiology (31 decks)

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