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biology Flashcards

1
Q

complementary strands (uracil replaces the thymine)

A

DNA:
A T C G
MRNA:
U A G C

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2
Q

Protein

A

Are made up of amino acids
phosphate. Hemoglobin is a protein that allows our blood to sustain oxygen.
sugar (deoxyribo)

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3
Q

Transcription

A

makes a copy of DNA strand and turn it into a MRNA. transcribes in the nucleus of the cell and then moves out to the cytoplasm. Creates a switch when thymine is replaced uracil

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4
Q

translation


A

take the code in mRNA and translate this into a the cytoplasm which takes it to the Rna that encodes the Mrna to Trna

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5
Q

phenotype

A

the inheritance that expresses the trait

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6
Q

genotype 


A

is a set of alleles that is an individual that is responsible for a trait

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7
Q

Alleles

A

one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location

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8
Q

dominant

A

an allele that takes one copy to be expressed

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9
Q

homologus chromosome

A


a pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same gene

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

having different alleles for a particular trait two different allele symbol

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11
Q

purebred

A

when an organism breeds from an recognised breed or without many generation

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12
Q

test cross 


A

experimental cross when an dominant genotype and homozygous recessive crosses

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13
Q

Unlinked 


A

located on different chromosome or far apart on the same chromosome examples:
AbBb- 20

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14
Q

linked 


A

when a chromosome is on the same genes as the other or close together. examples:
AaBb- 48
Aabb- 2
aaBb - 3
aabb- 47 or 1:0.2:0.3:1

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15
Q

karyotype

A

 a visual representation
of an individual’s entire genome
organised into homologous pairs

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16
Q

aneuploidy

A

when a cell or organism varies in the usual number of chromosomes in its genome by the addition or loss
of a chromosome

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17
Q

polyploidy

A

when an organism
contains additional sets of
chromosomes in its genome

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18
Q

monosomy 

A

a genetic abnormality
where an organism has one
missing chromosome

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19
Q

trisomy

A

a genetic abnormality
where an organism has one
extra chromosome

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20
Q

meiosis

A

a specialised form of cell
division used to produce gametes
in sexually reproducing organisms

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21
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells that arise from germline cells and
contain half the genetic material (n) of a somatic cell. The gametes in animals are sperm and egg cells

22
Q

process of meiosis

I nterphase
P rophase PRO
M etaphase MIDDLE
A naphase AWAY
T elophase TWO

A

I- the cell grows and duplicates
all of its chromosomes in preparation for division.

P( crossing over) -The nuclear membrane breaks down as chromosomes condense
and line up in homologous pairs
M(Independent assortment) -Homologous chromosomes will then line up randomly on
opposite sides of the metaphase plate, with one copy (paternal
or maternal) on either side

A- The homologous chromosomes are moved apart towards
opposite poles of the cell

T- The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell as the
nuclear membrane is cleaved. A cleavage furrow forms in
preparation for the cell to undergo cytokinesis. two cells

23
Q

Crossing over

A

 the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis, resulting
in new combinations of alleles in daughter cells

24
Q

independent assortment

A

the random orientation of
homologous chromosomes
along the metaphase plate
during metaphase I

25
Q

codominance 

A

which occurs when both alleles from the genotype are fully expressed
in the phenotype of a heterozygote. E.g A black and white cow

26
Q

incomplete dominance

A

which occurs when neither allele from the genotype is fully
expressed in the phenotype and the resulting trait is a ‘blending’ E.g. white and red makes pink

27
Q

epigenetics

A

changes to an organism’s phenotype resulting from modifications to gene expression

28
Q

monohybrid cross

A

 a genetic cross performed to observe the inheritance of alleles and phenotypes for a single gene

29
Q

Punnett square

A

 a square diagram used to predict the genotypes of offspring

30
Q

sexual reproduction
Adv&Dis

A

the fusion of two distinct haploid gametes to produce a single diploid zygote composed of two sets of chromosomes
ADV:
- increases genetic diversity of a population by
allowing for recombinant offspring
DIS:
- the time, energy, and resources it takes to attract and find a mate

31
Q

reproductive strategies 

A

adaptations to reproduction that improve the success of survival of a species

32
Q

fertilisation 

A

the process by which
two gametes (such as sperm and egg cells) fuse and form a zygote

33
Q

zygote

A

 the diploid cell formed by
the combination of two haploid
gamete cells

34
Q

asexual reproduction

A

producing offspring without the fusion of gametes
e.g. binary fission
fragmentation
ADV:
- asexually reproducing populations grow faster than sexually
reproducing populations
DIS:
- genetic diversity is low
and asexually reproducing
populations may suffer during
rapid environmental change.

35
Q

reproductive cloning
technologies 

A

artificially induced
human interventions to produce
genetically identical clones

36
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT)  EEID

A

the transference of
a somatic cell nucleus into an
enucleated egg cell
1 Enucleation – the removal or destruction of the nucleus
2 Extraction – the donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted.
3 Insertion – the somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into the enucleated egg cell.
4 Development – following insertion, the cell begins to divide and develop into an
embryo, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The pregnancy then
continues as normal.

37
Q

embryo splitting

A

the division of an early embryo split into several
individual embryos

38
Q

structural adaptation

A

anatomical or morphological features
E.g
plants: Rolled leaves, waxy cuticle – preventing water loss in dry environments

39
Q

physiological adaptation 

A

internal responses to the environment of an organism
E.g
Frost tolerance (ant-freeze) in plants, bioluminescence in some animals to attract prey

40
Q

Behavioural

A

things that organisms do (usually animals
E.g
Huddling, seeking shade/shelter, migration, bending towards a light source (plants)

41
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose effects on an ecosystem are greater than expected relative to its population size

42
Q

Interdependencies between species

A

Two species within an ecosystem can interact in a number of ways.
These can be positive relationships where both individuals benefit
(mutualism), detrimental to both individuals (competition) or various
combinations of benefits and drawbacks.

43
Q

integrity

A

which encourages a full commitment to knowledge and understanding as well as the honest reporting of all sources of information and results

44
Q

Justice

A

which encourages fair consideration of competing claims, and ensures that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action

45
Q

Beneficence

A

which encourages the maximisation of benefits while minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action

46
Q

Non–maleficence

A

which discourages causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action

47
Q

Respect

A

which encourages the acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living things,
and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural heritage of both the individual
and the collective.

48
Q

non disjunction

A

the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

49
Q

duty based rule

A

promotes responsibility of an individual and places important duty on the people

50
Q

consequence based approach

A

doing what is good and seeing the cons to it

51
Q

virtues based

A

good moral of a person such as good, honest caring

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