chapter 5: soil particles, soil fabrics amd soil structures

Question 1

____ is the superficial unconsolidated mantle of disintegrated and decomposed rock material which is capable of supporting rooted plants.

Answer 1

soil

Question 2

____ is a non-indurated aggregation of mineral and/or organic particles with air and/or water filled voids.

Answer 2

soil

Question 3

_____ are primarily classified on the basis of a particle size.

Answer 3

soil

Question 4

_____ is an easy parameter to measure and controls many aspects of the engineering are…

Answer 4

particle size

Question 5

_____ is the dip in any direction from zero in the direction of strike to a maximum in the direction of true dip.

Answer 5

apparent dip

Question 6

The measurement pf these properties by geologists is in terms of strike, measured as a whole compass bearing from north.

Answer 6

apparent dip

Question 7

_____ are pronounced as bend or warped especially in sedimentary rocks.

Answer 7

folds

Question 8

What are the three geometrical varieties of folds? ____

Answer 8

anticlines, synclines, monoclines

Question 9

______ is the study of the form of the earth’s surface and the processes which sculpture it.

Answer 9

geomorphology

Question 10

The external load or stress can produce on of three basic stress conditions acting on a unit cube of earth material: _____

Answer 10

compressive, shear, tensile

Question 11

What are the seven types of retaining supports for rock slopes? _____

Answer 11

1. concrete pedestal
2. rock bolts
3. concrete straps
4. cable anchors
5. wire meshes
6. concrete impact walls
7. shotcrete
8. gunite

Question 12

______ are used to support overhangs.

Answer 12

concrete pedestal

Question 13

_____ are used to reinforce jointed rock masses.

Answer 13

rock bolts

Question 14

_____ are used to support loose or soft rock zones.

Answer 14

concrete straps

Question 15

_____ are used to reinforce thick rock masses.

Answer 15

cable anchors

Question 16

_____ are restricted to falling blocks to movement along the face.

Answer 16

wire meshes

Question 17

_____ are constructed along lower slopes to contain falling or sliding blocks.

Answer 17

concrete impact walls

Question 18

_____ are used to reinforce loose fractured rock.

Answer 18

shotcrete

Question 19

______ are similar to shotcrete except that the aggregate is smaller.

Answer 19

gunite

Question 20

_____ are rapid to very rapid movement of incoherent mass of rock or soil-rock debris wherein the original structure of the formation is no longer discernible, occurring along an ill-defined surface.

Answer 20

avalanches and landslides

Question 21

_____ are characterized by soil or soil-rock debris moving as a viscous fluid or slurry usually terminating at distances far beyond the failure zone.

Answer 21

flows

Question 22

______ are characterized by a slow, imperceptible downslope movement of slope materials under low stress levels, which normally affects only the shallow portion of the slope, but it can be deep-seated where a weak zone exists.

Answer 22

creep

Question 23

Construction of piers will generally be carried out by one of the three main methods: _____

Answer 23

1. the use of cofferdam
2. the use of open dredging caissons
3. the use of compressed air-air caissons

Question 24

Of the three main methods of construction of piers, ____ are most often used.

Answer 24

cofferdams

Question 25

The common _____ consist of a single continuous wall on interlocking pilings, driven into the foundation strata.

Answer 25

cofferdam

Question 26

The ____, aside from supporting part of the load that the piers of the bridge have to carry, shall often resist the earth pressure against the face and wing walls of the abutment structure.

Answer 26

abutments of a bridge

Question 27

When no rock is available to serve as abutments foundation, the abutment shall be designed as a _______.

Answer 27

combination bridge piers and retaining walls

Question 28

The seven requisite condition for reservoir site and dam site: ____

Answer 28

1. water tight basin of ample size
2. narrow outlet requiring a relatively small and economical dam having safe foundation
3. opportunity for building a spillway to dispose the surplus water
4. available materials for the construction of the dam
5. assurance that the basin will not split up in too short time
6. sufficient supply of water
7. adequate reason to justify the cost of the project

Question 29

The ____ is usually fixed as to convenience and economy rather than the character of the foundation.

Answer 29

location of a bridge

Question 30

Accurate knowledge of subsurface at a building site include all information regarding the _____.

Answer 30

properties of the soil encountered

Question 31

As a general rule, exploratory work of the foundation should be carried to a depth which at least _____ the width of the structure.

Answer 31

twice

Question 32

Foundation loads may be transmitted to unconsolidated strata inn two ways: ____

Answer 32

1. by constructing a continuous raft or spread footing or a system of isolated footings which rest directly on the surface stratum
2. by forcing piles into the soil and joining uses structurally to the bearing column at the structures

Question 33

The design of building foundation, and of all other foundations, consist of three essential steps: ___

Answer 33

1. calculating the loads to be transmitted by the structure to the strata supporting
2. determining the nature of the foundation beds that are to act as support
3. designing the foundation structure to fit the conditions of loading and capacity of foundation beds

Question 34

_____ are rarely due to faulty design of the foundation structure but rather to failure of the foundation beds to carry the loads put upon it.

Answer 34

foundation failures