Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards
What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
Drug inactivation Metabolic bypass Efflux pump Overproduction of target Intrinsic impermeability Altered or new target
How do bacteria inactivate drugs?
Beta-lactamase
What metabolic bypass have bacteria formed?
Vancomycin resistant D-ala-D-lac
How does an efflux pump cause antibiotic resistance?
Pump out drugs faster than they can get in
How does intrinsic impermeability cause antibiotic resistance?
Drugs just cant get across the bacterial wall
What mutations can cause antibiotic resistance?
DNA gyrase
RNA polymerase
MCR1 and colistin
What are some pathways to resistance?
Degrading or modifying the drug
New or altered target
Altered transport
Metabolic bypass
What are the mechanisms of resistance?
Natural
Genetic
Non-genetic
What are the types of genetic resistance mechanisms?
Chromosome mediated
Plasmid mediated
What are the mechanisms by which bacteria becomes resistant to penicillin?
Produce penicillinases (beta lactamases) Acquire alternative forms of mutations in: - pencilling binding proteins - Porins - Efflux pumps
How can we prevent/overcome antibiotic resistance?
Control use
New or modified drugs
Combination therapy
Infection control
How can you control antibiotic use?
Not in animal feeds
Complete course
Appropriate prescribing
What are the broad-spectrum antibiotics of last resort for gram -ve bacteria?
Carbopenems
