Key Grammar

Question 1

Prohibitions - DONT…

Answer 1

noli + inf = singular
nolite = inf = plural
EXAMPLE:
noli celare pecuniam = don’t hide the money

Question 2

Direct Questions

Answer 2

~ -ne = indicates question
~ nonne…? = surely?
~ num…? = surely…not?
QUESTION WORDS
- cur = why
- quando = when
- ubi = where
- quo = to where/ whither
- unde = from where/ whence
- quis = who
- quid = what
- quam = how
- quomodo = how/ in what way
- quot = how many
- quantus, a, um = how much/ how big
- qualis, e = what sort of

Question 3

Passive

Answer 3

-r
-ris
-tur
-mur
-mini
-ntur

Question 4

Present Participle

Answer 4

stem + NT + ending

EXAMPLE:
portaNTes = carrying

IRREGULAR
going = euNT + ending

Question 5

Past Passive Participle (PPP)

Answer 5

• 4th principal part
• having been +ed
  EXAMPLE:
  captus = having been captured

Question 6

Perfect Passive = I WAS + -ED

Answer 6

PPP + esse present tense
portatus +
- sum
- es
- est
- sumus
- estis
- sunt
= i WAS carried

EXAMPLE:
laudata est = she was praised

Question 7

Pluperfect Passive = I HAD BEEN + -ED

Answer 7

PPP + esse perfect tense
portatus +
- eram
- eras
- erat
- eramus
- eratis
- erant
= i HAD BEEN carried

EXAMPLE:
acceptus eras = you had been accepted

Question 8

Future Active Participle = INTENDING TO + INF/ ABOUT TO…

Answer 8

PPP but ‘TUR’ before ending

EXAMPLE:
portaTURus = about to carry
moniTURus = about to warn

IRREGULARS:
- fuTURus = about to be
- iTURus = about to go q

Question 9

Imperatives

Answer 9

porta! (sing) portate! (plu)
mone! monete!
trahe! trahite!
audi! audite!
cape! capite!

IRREGULARS:
- dic! = say
- duc! = lead!
- fac! = do! make!
- fur! ferte! = bring! carry!
- i! ite! = go!
- abi! = go away!

Question 10

Present Passive Infinitives

Answer 10

end in -i
- portari = to be carried
- moneri = to be warned
- trahi = to be dragged
- audiri = to be heard
- capi = to be taken, captured

PROLATIVE INFINITIVES
= triggered by verbs like
possum, volo, nolo, malo, iubeo, constituo, cogo

Question 11

Deponent Verbs

Answer 11

LOOK PASSIVE BUT TRANSLATED AS ACTIVE

have PAP instead of PPP (HAVING + -ED NOT HAVING BEEN + -ED)

conor = i try
conari = to try
conatus sum = i tried

EXAMPLES:
hortor = encourage
sequor = follow
loquor = speak
morior = die
aggredior = attack
progredior = advance
egredior = go out
ingredior = enter
regredior = return
miror = wonder at, admire
profiscor = set out
patior = suffer, endure
videor = seem, appear

Question 12

Semi Deponent Verbs

Answer 12

normal for first 2 principal parts

looks deponent for 3rd - gavisus sum = i rejoiced

EXAMPLE:
- fio, fieri, FACTUS SUM = become
- gaudeo, gaudere, GAVISUS SUM = rejoice
- soleo, solere, SOLITUS SUM = i am accustomed

Question 13

Perfect Infinitive

Answer 13

ACTIVE:
- portaVISSE = to have carried

PASSIVE:
- portatus, a, um esse = to have been carried

Question 14

Future Infinitive

Answer 14

ACTIVE:
- portaTURus, a, um esse = to be about to carry

Question 15

Indirect Statements (AKA accusative infinitives)
THAT

Answer 15

• includes ABOVE NECK VERB
  = dico, puto, scio, nescio
  (elevated to beginning of sentence)
• accusative
• infinitive at end
  YOU NEED TO IMPLY THE ‘THAT’

EXAMPLE:
nuntius dicit navem appropinquare
= the messenger says THAT the ship is approaching

Question 16

Sequence of Tense

Answer 16

is = was
are = were
has, have = had
will = would

EXAMPLE:
dominus DIXIT servos bene laboravissse
= the master said that the slave had worked well

Question 17

Purpose Clauses - in order to…(SUBJUNCTIVE)

Answer 17

IN ORDER TO

verb + UT/NE + imperfect subjunctive

dont confuse W UT + INDICATIVE = as/when

EXAMPLE:
senex ad urbem ambulavit UT librum EMERET
= the old man walked to the city IN ORDER TO buy a book

Question 18

Indirect Command - so that…
(SUBJUNCTIVE)

Answer 18

HE ADVISED HIM +
TO….
SO THAT…
THAT…
NOT TO…

verb of ordering (not iussit + inf)
- hortor
- impero + dative
- moneo
- oro
- persuadeo + dative
- rogo

+ UT/NE + IMPERFECT SUBJ
EXAMPLE:
magister imperavit UT liberis festinarent = the teacher ordered the children to hurry

Question 19

Result Clauses - that…
(SUBJUNCTIVE)

Answer 19

UT + IMP SUBJ = that
*ne doesnt exist = negative is ut…non

Signpost words include:
- tam = so
- tantus, a, um = so great
- talis = of such a kind
- tot = so many
- totiens = so often
- adeo = so much, to such an extent
- iter = in such a way

EXAMPLE:
puer TAM celeriter curcurrit UT praemium ferret
= the boy ran so quickly THAT he took the prize

Question 20

Fearing Clauses - afraid that…
(SUBJUNCTIVE)

Answer 20

afraid that..

ONLY USE NE / NEGATIVE IS NE…NON

verb of fearing + NE/NE…NON + subj

verbs of fearing = timeo, vereor, metuo = i fear

EXAMPLE:
timebam NE custos nos necaREt
= i was afraid THAT the guards would kill us

EXAMPLE IN NEGATIVE:
timebam NE custos clamores NON audiret
= i was afraid THAT the guards WOULD’NT hear our shouts

Question 21

Fearing Clauses - afraid that…
(SUBJUNCTIVE)

Answer 21

VERB OF FEARING + NE/NE…NON + IMPERFECT SUBJ

*ut doesnt exist and ne isn’t negative = ne…non is negative

verbs of fearing =
- timeo
- vereor
- metuo

EXAMPLE:
timebam NE custos nos necaret
= i was afraid THAT the guards would kill us

EXAMPLE IN NEGATIVE:
timebam NE custos clamores NON audiret
= i was afraid THAT the guards WOULD’NT hear our shouts