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MR R's A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) > P1 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

P1 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A
  1. Deviation form social norms
  2. statistical infrequency
  3. Deviation from ideal mental health
    4, Failure to function adequately
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2
Q

Statistical infrequency has been used to help classify what MH disorder?

A

+ Intellectual disability disorder = IQ of less than 70

OR

+ Depression = BDI score of 30+

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3
Q

DSN has been used to help classify what MH disorder?

A

Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy)

OR

Schizotypal personality disorder

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4
Q

Which definition am i?
- Culturally relative
- Time and situationally relative
- Subjective
- Labelling can cause human rights abuses

A

Deviation form social norms

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5
Q

Self- actualisation & good self esteem are criteria of which definition?

A

DIMH

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6
Q

Who came up with the FFA definition?

A

Rosenhan & Seligman (1989)

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7
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the DIMH definition?

A
  • Culturally relative
  • Too hard to achieve
  • Subjective = How many criteria & to what degree
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8
Q

A strength of using the FFA criteria?

A

Provides a useful threshold for help so that services/treatment can be targeted to those that need it most

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9
Q

Name 2 behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A

Panic;
Avoidance;
Endurance

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10
Q

Name 2 behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

Lowered activity level;
Disruption to sleep & eating;
Aggression & self-harm

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11
Q

Name 1 cognitive characteristic of phobias?

A

Selective attention;
Irrational beliefs;
Cognitive distortions

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12
Q

Name 1 cognitive characteristic of OCD?

A

Obsessive thoughts;
Cognitive coping strategies;
Insight into their anxieties

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13
Q

Which is the odd one out?

  1. Repetitive compulsions
  2. Avoidance
  3. Guilt & Disgust
A
  1. Guilt and disgust = emotional characteristic of OCD.

Other 2 are behavioural

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14
Q

Which is the odd one out?

  1. Dwelling on the negative
  2. Low mood
  3. Absolutist thinking
A
  1. Low mood = emotional characteristic of Depression.

Other 2 are cognitive

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15
Q

Name 1 emotional characteristic of phobias?

A

Anxiety;
Fear;
Unreasonable emotional response

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16
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic statistical manual

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17
Q

Who created the 2 process model and what are they?

A

Mowrer (1960).

Classical & Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Which Watson & Rayner (1920) study shows how Phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning?

A

Little Albert

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19
Q

In classical conditioning what is the CS before conditioning?

A

NS = neutral stimulus

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20
Q

What behaviour is negatively reinforced in phobias?

A

Avoidance

21
Q

What is a RWA of the behavioural explanation of phobias?

A

Development of successful therapies =

Flooding & Systematic Desensitisation

22
Q

Which type of phobias is the behavioural explanation good at explaining?

What’s the counterpoint?

A

Phobias following a trauma…..

However, not all phobias do follow a trauma.

23
Q

Which aspects of Phobias are not explained by the 2 process model?

A

Cognitive aspects…. eg. Irrational beliefs

24
Q

What are the 3 processes in SD therapy?

A
  1. Anxiety hierarchy
  2. Relaxation techniques
  3. Exposure (gradual)
25
Q

Why is Flooding therapy NOT unethical?

A

Patients give informed consent

26
Q

In Flooding. what term is given for the stopping of the phobic response?

A

Extinction

27
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of behavioural therapies of Phobias?

A
  • Traumatic = high attrition
  • Symptom substitution
28
Q

Which 2 psychologists do you need to know about for the cognitive explanation of Depression?

A

Beck & Ellis

29
Q

What are the 3 parts to Beck’s negative triad?

A
  1. Negative view of the self
  2. Negative view of the world
  3. Negative view of the future
30
Q

What does Ellis’ ABC acronym stand for?

A

A = Activating event
B = Beliefs (irrational)
C = Consequences (emotional & behavioural)

31
Q

Which therapy is associated with Ellis’ ABC model?

A

REBT

32
Q

Why are cognitive explanations of depression seen as unethical?

A

They blame the patient for the disorder

33
Q

Ellis’ cognitive explanation is a good account of REACTIVE depression but not E………………………….. depression

A

Endogenous (depression not triggered by traumatic events)

34
Q

Which therapy includes the concepts of the ‘client as the scientist’ and ‘homework’?

A

Beck’s Cognitive therapy

35
Q

What are the 3 types of discputing in Ellis’ REBT therapy?

A
  1. Logical
  2. Emperical
  3. Pragmatic
36
Q

What does Ellis call the re-engagement of patients in activities,
eg. exercise?

A

Behavioural activation

37
Q

CBT is criticised for having high RR?

A

Relapse rates

38
Q

Name 2 types of patients that it is argued may not benefit from CBT?

A

Those with severe depression & those with learning difficulties

39
Q

In terms of client preference, which psychological therapy was found by Yrondi (2015) to be LEAST prefererred?

A

CBT

40
Q

Genetic explanations of OCD:
1. Name of a gene that creates vulnerability?
2. Name given to disorder caused by multiple genes?
3. How many different genes linked to depression?
4. Term given to explain how different genes can cause OCD in different people?

A
  1. Candidate
  2. Polygenic
  3. 230
  4. Aetiologically heterogeneous
41
Q

Neural explanations of OCD:
1. Which neurotransmitter is linked to OCD?
2. Which 2 parts of the brain are linked to OCD and what do they do?

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Lateral frontal lobes = decision making & logical thinking
  3. Parahippocampal gyrus = processes unpleasant emotions
42
Q

Nestadts’ (2010) twin study found …..% of MZ twins shared OCD whereas …..% of DZ twins share OCD

A

68% vs 31%

43
Q

What does Cromer et al (2007) suggest is a risk factor for OCD?

A

Environmental factors such as traumatic experiences

44
Q

Neural explanations of OCD:
1. Name 1 RWA of the serotonin hypothesis?
2. Why is correlational evidence a limitation of the serotonin hypothesis?

A
  1. Antidepressants work in treating OCD
  2. Can’t establish cause & effect = could be a 3rd factor
45
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

46
Q

SSRI’s:
1. They prevent reuptake to which neuron?
2. What SSRI drug is found in Prozac?
3. What is the typical daily dose for an OCD patient?
4. How long does it take to have an effect on symptoms?

A
  1. Presynaptic
  2. Fluoxetine
  3. 20mg (up to 60mg if not working)
  4. 3-4 months
47
Q

SSRI alternatives:
1. What other therapy are SSRI’s often paired with?
2. Name the 2 alternative drugs that may be used instead of SSRI’s

A
  1. CBT
  2. Tricyclics & SNRI’s
48
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of drug therapies for OCD?

A
  • Serious side effects
  • Treat symptom not cause
  • Institutional bias = most research is sponsored by drug companies
49
Q

Name 2 strengths of drug therapies for OCD?

A

+ Cost effective
+ Non-disruptive (easy) for the patient
+ Evidence they work for most people with OCD (Soomro et al, 2009) = Typically 70% of patients see reduction of symptoms with SSRI’s

MR R's A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) (11 decks)

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