Medicine Through Time

Question 1

What problem did Mary Seacole face wheb she applied to be a nurse in the War department in London?

Answer 1

She w as turned away. she was under no illusion that thsi was because of her colour.

Question 2

What is prejudice?

Answer 2

A preconceived idea or view about someone before knowing what that person is like.

Question 3

What is the ‘germ theory of disease’ ?

Answer 3

Formed in mid 1860s, outlined the discovery that heat could be used to kill bacteria that were present without liquids.

Question 4

What did Louis Pasteur use to test his theory?

Answer 4

He worked out that heated wine and beer to 57 degrees celcius did not become contaminated by micro organisms.

Question 5

What is the process of heating foods to kill harmful bacteria known as?

Answer 5

Pasteurisation.

Question 6

What temperature is milk heated to nowadays?

Answer 6

72 degrees celcius for 15 minutes. Can stay in a fridge for up to 2 weeks.
Temperatures are much hiher than in Pasteur’s days.

Question 7

What is UHT?

Answer 7

Ultra High Temperature - heated to 150 degrees celcius for15 minutes. Shelf life of seversl months outside of a fridge.

Question 8

What vaccine did Pasteur create?

Answer 8

The rabies vaccine in 1885

Question 9

Which biomedical research facility was opened in 1888?

Answer 9

The Pasteur Institute in France

Question 10

What is a vaccine?

Answer 10

Treatment which helps the body fight a disease.

Question 11

What is the meaning of ‘immune’ ?

Answer 11

Bodies ability to defend itself against infection.

Question 12

What is a ‘microbiologist’?

Answer 12

A person who studies micro-organisms.

Question 13

in what century did scientists begin to experiment with ananesthetics to put patients to sleep?

Answer 13

Early 19th century

Question 14

What was the first gas used?

Answer 14

Laughing gas.

Question 15

What was laughing gas used for?

Answer 15

Pulling teeth.

Question 16

In 1846, what was the first gas used in America?

Answer 16

Ether

Question 17

Who first used ‘ether’ in London?

Answer 17

Robert Liston in London

Question 18

In 1847 James Simpson was the first to use what successfully?

Answer 18

chloroform

Question 19

What happened in the ‘Black period of surgery’?

Answer 19

The death rate rose as surgeons took more time and attempted more difficult surgery with the use of chloroform.

Question 20

What did patients die from durig the black period of surgery?

Answer 20

-doctors didn’t wash hands
-coughed over patients
-wore bloody aprons as a badge of honour

Question 21

What did Johh Snow develope in the 1850s?

Answer 21

An inhaler which regulated the dosage of chloroform

Question 22

What did Joseph Lister discover in 1867?

Answer 22

Carbolic spray - effective in stopping wounds getting gangrene

Question 23

Until the acceptance of germ theory in the 1860s, surgeons did not take precautions to protect open wounds. They did not wash their hands or sterilse equipment.
TRUE or FALSE

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

in the later part of the 19th century there were other developmentd which reduced death rate.
List 2

Answer 24

• cleanliness and nursing care improved when Florence Nightingale retiurned to the UK
• aseptic surgery reduced risk of infection
• x-rays allowed surgeons to look before operating

Question 25

What did Karl Landsteiner discover in the early 20th century?

Answer 25

Blood groups

Question 26

What was set up in 1938?

Answer 26

The National Blood Transfusion Service in Britain

Question 27

What was a major catalyst for the rapid development of blood banks and transfusion techniques?

Answer 27

World War One

Question 28

What is asepsis?

Answer 28

The absence of bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms

Question 29

What did Chain and Florey discover in 1930s, inspired by the work of Alexander Fleming?

Answer 29

Penicillin

Question 30

Godfrey Hounsfield invented what in 1972?

Answer 30

CAT scanner

Question 31

Which type of surgery became more widely used in 1990s

Answer 31

keyhole

Question 32

in 1948 the National Health Service was set up. What did it provide?

Answer 32

Free doctors and hospitals paid out of taxes.

Question 33

What are AHP?

Answer 33

radiography
dietetics
occupational therapy
physio
speech and language

Question 34

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?

Answer 34

He returned from holiday to find thatthe bacteria in some old petri dishes was being killed by the mould - penicillin.

Question 35

When was penicillin mass produced?

Answer 35

1943

Question 36

Why are health organisations limiting the use of antibiotics?

Answer 36

overuse means they are becoming less effective

Question 37

Who was the most famous female scientist?

Answer 37

Marie Curis

Question 38

What prize did she win and what for?

Answer 38

Nobel prize for both physics and chemistry.

Question 39

in July 1898, working alongside her husband Pierre, she discovered 2 new chemical elements. What were they?

Answer 39

Polonium nad radium. Radioactive elements.

Question 40

What did these 2 new chemical elements develop treatment for?

Answer 40

Cancerous tumours.

Question 41

What vital role did Curie play in World war 1?

Answer 41

Getting x-ray units into field hospitals and mobile x-ray vehicles. This was vital for injured troops.

Question 42

What did Marie Curie die from?

Answer 42

Leukaemia
She carried test tubes of radioctive radium around in her lab coat pocket, not realising it was affecting her health.