Biology Chapter 25: Vertebrates

Question 1

What characteristics categorize a chordate?

Answer 1

-Notochord
-Hollow nerve chord
-Pharyngeal slits
-Tail

Question 2

What 3 groups make up the phylum Chordata?

Answer 2

Vertebrates
Lancelets (Invert.)- small, eel-like animals found in tropical oceans
Tunicates (Invert.)- free-swimming and sessile animals like sea squirts

Question 3

Notochord

Answer 3

A flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s back

Question 4

Hollow nerve chord

Answer 4

Runs along the animal’s back; forms from a section of the ectoderm that rolls up during development

Question 5

Pharyngeal slits

Answer 5

Slits through the body wall in the pharynx, the gut immediately beyond the mouth; water can enter the mouth and leave the animal through these slits without passing through the entire digestive system

Question 6

Tail

Answer 6

Extends beyond the anal opening; contains segments of muscle tissue used for movement

Question 7

Common Vertebrate characteristics

Answer 7

Endoskeleton:
Braincase, vertebrae, bones, gill arches (in fish)

Question 8

Endoskeleton

Answer 8

An internal skeleton built of bone or cartilage

Question 9

Class Agnatha

Answer 9

Jawless lampreys, a type of parasitic fish

Question 10

What is the oldest class of vertebrates?

Answer 10

Agnatha

Question 11

Chondrichthyes

Answer 11

Cartilaginous fish: skeletons made of cartilage (rays, sharks, and chimeras), jaws

Question 12

Osteichthyes

Answer 12

Bony fish: Skeletons made of bone; can be ray-finned or lobe-finned, jaws

Question 13

Amphibia

Answer 13

Live on both water and land: first animal to have 4 limbs

Question 14

Reptilia

Answer 14

Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, turtles: retain moisture, amnion

Question 15

Aves

Answer 15

Birds: Feathers

Question 16

Mammalia

Answer 16

Hair, mammary glands, three middle ear bones (tigers, lions, bears, etc…)
Also have placenta

Question 17

Why are tunicates and lancelets considered Chordates?

Answer 17

They have a notochord, it just doesn’t develop into a vertebral column
They also retain pharyngeal slits

Question 18

Gills

Answer 18

Large sheets of thin frilly tissue filled with capillaries that take in dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide

Question 19

Countercurrent flow

Answer 19

maximizes the amount of oxygen the fish can pull from the water by diffusion (making blood flow in the opposite direction of the current of water entering the gills)

Question 20

How do gills work?

Answer 20

Muscles in the body wall expand and contract to bring a steady flow of oxygenated water to the gills. The gills take in oxygen from the water and transfer it to the blood circulating throughout the body in one singular loop that flows the opposite direction of the water coming into the gills. Oxygenated blood is dispersed throughout the body and then comes back to the gills where carbon dioxide is release and more oxygen is taken in.

Question 21

Fish are vertebrates with _____ and ______ ____

Answer 21

gills, paired fins

Question 22

What are the similarities and differences of gills and lungs?

Answer 22

S: Both take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
D: Gills only work in water, lungs only work in air

Question 23

Dorsal fin

Answer 23

Back

Question 24

Caudal fin

Answer 24

Tail fin

Question 25

Anal fin

Answer 25

Belly

Question 26

Pectoral fin

Answer 26

Just behind the head on the side of the body

Question 27

Pelvic fin

Answer 27

Near the middle front of the belly

Question 28

List the order of the phylogenetic tree

Answer 28

Agnatha (lampreys)
Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Amphibia (frogs, salamanders, first with limbs)
Reptiles (amnion, crocodiles, alligators)
Aves (feathers, birds)
Mammalia (Hair)

Question 29

How did jaws evolve in fish?

Answer 29

Jaws evolved from the third and fourth gill arches, then attached to the cranium to form the upper jaw, and went on to include more sets of gill arches

Question 30

Lateral line system

Answer 30

A series of shallow canals on the sides of fish made up of cells that are sensitive to small changes in water movement

Question 31

operculum

Answer 31

Protective plate that covers the gills of bony fish

Question 32

Swim bladder

Answer 32

An organ in fish designed to maintain a neutral buoyancy as the fish moves up and down in the water

Question 33

What adaptations did amphibians develop to live on land?

Answer 33

Large shoulder and hip bones to support weight
Interlocking projecting on vertebrae to support the backbone
Muscular tongue to eat and capture food
Middle ear for hearing out of water

Question 34

Tetrapod

Answer 34

Animal with four limbs

Question 35

Amphibian

Answer 35

Live on both water and land

Question 36

Metamorhposis

Answer 36

The change in form and habits of an animal

Question 37

Describe metamorphosis in amphibians

Answer 37

Fertilized eggs
Tadpole (tail, no limbs)
Grows limbs
Gills are absorbed and lungs develop
Loses Tail (young frog)
Grows and matures (adult frog)

Question 38

Amniote

Answer 38

a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or the fetus
*many species have gone extinct in periods of mass extinction

Question 39

Amniotic eggs/cells

Answer 39

A private pool that the mother builds for her embryo; mother produces yolk and white and builds a protective shell that retains moisture as the fertilized egg develops

Question 40

What is the function of the placenta?

Answer 40

The placenta is a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy; partially envelops the fetus and lines the uterine wall.
The placenta carries nutrients from the mother to the embryo and removes metabolic waste from the embryo.