Unit 1

Question 1

Biosynthesis of fatty acids (organ)

Answer 1

Liver

Question 2

signal for activation of lipoprotein lipase

Answer 2

Apo C2

Question 3

entry of glycerol into glycolysis

Answer 3

glycerol kinase, glycerol 3 p dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase

Question 4

Phospholipases

Answer 4

A1-bond between O and C of 1st chain
A2-bond between O and C of 2nd chain
C-bond between O and P of 3rd chain
D-cleaves head group
Lysophospholipase-cleaves O and C of 1st chain if the same from 2nd chain is already cleaved

Question 5

FA oxidation

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Question 6

FA biosynthesis

Answer 6

Cytoplasm

Question 7

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

Answer 7

Dehydrogenation between alpha and beta carbon of acyl CoA
FADH2 is formed

Question 8

Enoyl CoA hydratase

Answer 8

adds water and forms beta hydroxy enoyl coa

Question 9

beta hydroxy acyl coa dehydrogenase

Answer 9

forms NADH and beta keto acyl coa

Question 10

acyl coa acetyl transferase

Answer 10

cleavage forming acetyl CoA and acyl CoA

Question 11

TFP sub unit

Answer 11

a subunit: enoyl-CoA hadratase and b-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
activities
b-subunit: thiolase ➔ substrate channeling

Question 12

Dienoyl CoA reductase

Answer 12

in linoleic acid pathway
uses 1 NADPH

Question 13

Epimerase

Answer 13

D-methyl malonyl CoA to L-methyl malonyl CoA

Question 14

Mutase

Answer 14

requires vit B12
coverts L-methyl malonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA

Question 15

FA oxidation regulation

Answer 15

1. The three step process (carnitine shuttle) is rate-limiting for fatty acid oxidation
   and is an important point of regulation
2. Malonyl-CoA, the first intermediate in the cytosolic biosynthesis of fatty acid
   from acetyl-CoA, inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I.
3. [NADH]/[NAD+
   ] ratio is high, b-hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase is inhibited.
4. High concentrations of aceyl-CoA inhibit thiolase.
5. [AMP] is high, AMPK is activated and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA
   carboxylase, which catalyze the formation of malonyl-CoA, thereby decreasing
   the malonyl-CoA concentration. ➔ allowing b-oxidation
6. Transcription factors turn on the synthesis
   of proteins for lipid catabolism:
   - PPARa acts in muscle, adipose tissue, and
   liver to turn on a set of genes essential for
   fatty acid oxidation.
   - Glucagon ➔ [cAMP] ➔ CREB ➔ turn
   on a set of genes essential for fatty acid.

Question 16

omega oxidation

Answer 16

ER of liver and kidney

Question 17

alpha oxidation

Answer 17

Peroxisomes

Question 18

Ketone body synthesis

Answer 18

Liver (mitochondrial matrix)

Question 19

Ketone bodies can be exported to

Answer 19

Brain, Skeletal muscle, Kidney