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biological psychology > topic 2 - sex differences > Flashcards

topic 2 - sex differences Flashcards

1
Q

gene SRY

A

located on Y-chromosome
turns fetal gonad into testis
- testis-determining factor
- if not there, gonad turns into an ovary

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2
Q

hormones early testis produce

A

Anti-mullerian hormone (defiminsing)
- anrogens (masculalinising)
in abscence of these hormones - female sex organs develop.

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3
Q

organisational hormone effect

A

effect remains after the hormone has been removed, often occurs during sensitive period

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4
Q

activational hormone effect

A

effect is reversible, depending on presence or absence of hormone

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5
Q

nuerons that are responsible for the onset of puberty

A

GnRH nuerons

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6
Q

how does puberty start

A

GABA/NPY neurons are shut down, activating the KNDy neurons which then triggers the release of GnRH - 2 hour pattern

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7
Q

what happens when GnRH is released

A

it is released into the capillaries in the pituitary gland.
When the anterior pituitary gland detects GnRH, it releases FSH and LH.
Post pituitary gland release oxytocin and vasopressin

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8
Q

puberty onset in males

A

FSH and LH reach teh testis and trigger the release of testosterone.
Testosterone feeds back and binds to receptros in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus which lowers the production of GnRH, FSH and LH - keeping testosterone at a steady level

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9
Q

FSH in males

A

sperm prodcution

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10
Q

LH in males

A

testosterone production

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11
Q

FSH and LH in females

A

FSH - causes follicles to ripen
LH - induce ovulation

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12
Q

the menstrual cycle

A

When period stops:
Peak of FSH
- ovaries detect this and start follicles growing
- estradial is then produced
- when estradial is high enough it triggers the release of LH and FSH
- LH triggers ovulation
- Corpus lutem releases progesterone and more estradial to line the overian wall incase egg implants
- if no implantation - progesteron and estradial goes down again and cycle starts again

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13
Q

mullerian duct

A

embryonic structure that develops into female reproductive tract (vagina)

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14
Q

turner syndrome

A

X-containing gamete fuses with one without sex chromosome: XO (45,X)
- only monosomy that is not lethal in early development
- still 90% lethality
- female internal and external genitalia but ovaries are rudimentary
- short stature (short person, height)

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15
Q

pseudo-autosomal region

A

PAR1, PAR2
- stretches of DNA that are the same on X and Y
- SHOX is a gene in the pseudo-autosomal region which contributes to height - if haploid, short stature. If three copies you are taller

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16
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • XX or XY-containing gametes fuse with a Y or X-containing gamete: XXY (47, XXY sometimes 48,XXXY)
  • 1:200 life births
  • male internal and external genitalia but small testes
  • tall
  • typically identify as men
  • some female secondary sexual characteristics (breast development, less chest hair)
17
Q

46, XX males

A

SRY gene has moved from Y to X chromosome
- phenotype varies from male to ambiguous both externally and internally
- typically identify as male

18
Q

hormone based variation: androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • gonads develop as testes
  • androgen receptors dont work
  • testosteron does not do its normal job
  • 46, XY individuals develop anatomically female but without internal female genitalia
  • puberty is normally late and typically identify as female
19
Q

5a(alpha) reductase deficiency

A

5a-reductase turns testosterone into DHT
- DHT is crucial for prenatal external male genitalia
- 46XY individuals are born with female external genitalia but male internal
- at puberty, the high levels of testosterone can ‘mimic’ DHT
- they develop male genitalia after puberty

20
Q

congenital adrenal hypperplasia

A

46,XX individuals there is high levels of testosterone because there is no 21-hydroxylase to make cortisol to feed back to the hypothalamus to stop making CRH, meaning more anrogens are being made.
- to treat this you replace the cortisol with exogenous hydrocortisone
- when young and untreated they will have a clit that looks like a penis
- 5% of CAH girls assigned female at birth have gender dysphoria
- 12% of CAH ‘girls’ assigned male at birth have gender dysphoria

21
Q

21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

cannot make cortisol

22
Q

sex differentiation in the brain: toy preferences

A

CAH 46,XX individuals have more masculine toy preferences

23
Q

sex differences in the brain: behavioural differences

A

men tend to be faster in spatial mental rotation tasks
- CAH 46, XX perform better than non CAH 46,XX individuals

24
Q

sex differences in the brain: structural differences

A
  • male brains are 10% larger
  • female cortex is thicker
  • males have larger white matter volume & subcortical structures
  • CAIS 46, XY individuals have some features that are male and some that are female
  • sex differences in the brain are complex and due to many different factors.
25
Q

gynophile

A

attracted to females
- higher T levels in embryonic development more likely to be gynophilic

26
Q

androphile

A

attracted to males
- SCN slightly larger
- INAH-3 smaller
- anterior commisure larger

27
Q

origins of sex differences in brain and behvaiour

A
  • cultural effects
  • activational hormonal effects
  • organizational hormonal effects
  • genetic effects
28
Q

environmental effects on sex differences

A
  • influences on brain development
  • effects of practice (eg. u are better at what u spend more time doing)
  • social effects (stereotypes etc)
  • HOWEVER, little to NO evidence that this effects sexual orientationn
29
Q

sex orientation in males

A
  • 8% of male sheep interested in male sheep
  • sexual dimorphic nucleus (SDN) of preoptic area is smaller in these males
  • size of SDN is influenced by T levels.
30
Q

evidence for organisational role of hormones

A
  • correlations with measured prenatal hormones
  • correlations with adult correlates of prenatal hormones
  • conditions with varying prenatal hormone levels:
    CAH
    Androgen insensitivity syndrome
31
Q

cognitive performance

A
  • verbal abilities are better in androphile men than gynophile men
  • visio-spatial performance is worse in androphile men than gynophile men
  • mental rotation is faster in gynophile women than in androphile women
32
Q

2D/4D ratios

A
  • early testosterone dependent
  • index and ring finger
  • butch lesbians have more masculine 2D/4D
  • not consistent finding in androphile men
33
Q

oto-acoustic emissions

A
  • when stimulated with a click ear makes a sound back
  • louder and more frequent in women
  • Gynophile women’s OAE’s closer to gynophile mens than androphile womens
34
Q

ways to uncover genetic effects on sex differences

A
  • twin studies
  • genetic mappings
  • concerns from an evolutionary angle
  • fraternal birth order effect
35
Q

twin studies

A
  • higher concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic
  • estimates from 30-100% that are gay
  • possible higher concordance for women than men
36
Q

genetic mapping

A
  • androphilic men have androphillic meternal uncles
  • suggests an X-chromosome inherritance pattern
  • a region of the X-chromosome has been identified as related to sexual orientation
  • regions on other chromosomes have been identified as well
37
Q

possible mechanisms for maintaining such genes: (if gay or something maybe idk)

A
  • heterozygote advantage
  • different effects in males vs females
  • kin selection
38
Q

fraternal birth order effect

A

if you have more older brothers (biological) you are more likely to be an androphilic male
- can be explained by the maternal immunisation hypothesis, which is when if a mother has had say three sons previously, she will have ‘male’ proteins in her bloodstream

biological psychology (8 decks)

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