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Module 8 > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

do the posterior rami merge to form a major plexus?

A

no

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2
Q

what skin is innervated by the posterior rami?

A

thoracic wall
dermatomes T2-T12
skin over neck and occipital bone from C2

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3
Q

what muscles are innervated by the posterior rami?

A

splenii
erectors
transversopsinal
interspinalis
intertransversarii
supboccipitalb muscles from C1

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4
Q

what sense do the posterior rami detect?

A

taste
hearing
touch
pain

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5
Q

what is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily function of the cerebral cortex?

A

perception

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6
Q

what is considered visceral senses?

A

sensations of the internal organs

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7
Q

what are the special senses?

A

smell
taste
vision
hearing
equilibrium

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8
Q

what is selectivity?

A

when a sensory receptor responds to one stimulus but not another

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9
Q

what four things must arise for sensations to arise?

A

stimulation
transduction
generation
integration

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10
Q

what are the three characteristics of sensory receptors?

A

microscopic structure
location of receptors
type of stimulus detected

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11
Q

what are the two types of microscopic structures to receptors?

A

free nerve ending
encapsulated nerve ending

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12
Q

what three locations can receptors be found?

A

exteroceptors
interceptors
proprioceptors

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13
Q

what are the types of stimulus that can detected?

A

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
osmoreceptors

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14
Q

what things are considered tactile sensations ?

A

touch
pressure
viberation
itch
tickle

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15
Q

what are the two types of rapid touch to tactile senses?

A

corpuscles of touch (dermis of skin on hairless surfaces)
hair root plexus

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16
Q

what are the two types of slow touch to tactile senses?

A

type 1 cutaneous
type 2 cutaneous

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17
Q

what receptors contribute to pressure?

A

corpuscle of touch
type 1 cutaneous
lamellate corpuscle

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18
Q

what receptors contribute to vibration?

A

corpuscle of touch
lamellate corpuscles

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19
Q

what is phantom limb sensation?

A

experiencing sensations post amputation

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20
Q

what temperature would activate cold receptors?

A

10-40 C

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21
Q

do cold receptors have A, B, or C fibres?

A

A

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22
Q

what temperature would active warm receptors?

A

32-48C

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23
Q

do warm receptors have A, B, or C fibre?

A

C

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24
Q

what happens when temperature is below 10 or above 48 C?

A

painful stimulation occurs

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25
Q

what is kinaesthesia?

A

perception of body movement

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26
Q

what are the three kinds of proprioceptors?

A

muscle spindles
tendon organs
joint kinaesthetic receptors

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27
Q

what do muscle spindles detect?

A

muscle length

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28
Q

what do tendon organs detect?

A

protects muscles or detects load on muscle

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29
Q

where do first order neurons conduct impulses?

A

brain stem or spinal cord

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30
Q

where do second order neurons conduct impulses?

A

brain stem or spinal cord to the thalamus on the opposite side

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31
Q

where do third order neurons conduct impulses?

A

thalamus to the primary somatosensory area

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32
Q

what is the real stations?

A

thalamus
brain stem
spinal cord

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33
Q

what do the posterior column medial lemniscus pathways send impulses for?

A

touch
pressure
vibrations
conscious proprioception

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34
Q

what two tracts are in the posterior columns?

A

gracile
cuneate

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35
Q

where are the gracile fasciculus found?

A

lower limbs

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36
Q

where are the cuneate fasciculus found?

A

upper body

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37
Q

do the tracts cross over for the posterior columns? if so where do they cross over?

A

yes at the midbrain from the second order neurons

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38
Q

what nerve impulses are the anterolateral pathways responsible for?

A

pain
temp
itch
tickle

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39
Q

when do the crossing over take place with anterolateral pathways?

A

by second-order neurones at the spinothalamic tracts

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40
Q

what areas on the sensory homunculus have a large output?

A

lips
face
tongue
hand

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41
Q

what areas on the motor homunculus have a large output?

A

thumb
fingers
lips
tongue
vocal cords

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42
Q

what pathways convey nerve impulses on the same side?

A

anteriors and posterior spinocerebellar

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43
Q

what do the lower motor neurons provide output for?

A

skeletal muscle fibres

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44
Q

where are the lower motor neurons located ?

A

spinal cord and brain stem

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45
Q

what are the four somatic motor pathway neurons in the body?

A

local circuit
upper motor
basal nuclei
cerebellar

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46
Q

wha do the local circuit neurons do?

A

help coordinate rhythmic activites in muscle groups

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47
Q

who receives input from the upper motor neurons?

A

local circuit
LMN

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48
Q

what does the UMN do?

A

regulate posture
balance
muscle tone
reflexive movements of head and trunk
planning and execution of movements

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49
Q

what provides input for UMN?

A

basal nuclei

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50
Q

what are the two pathways of UMN?

A

direct motor
indirect motor

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51
Q

what are the pyramidal pathways?

A

action potentials for voluntary movements propagate from the verbal cortex to LMN via direct motor pathways

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52
Q

what is the corticospinal pathways control?

A

muscles of the limbs and trunk

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53
Q

where do the corticospinal pathways depend through?

A

internal capsule

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54
Q

what are the two types of corticospinal tracts?

A

lateral cortiocospinal tracts (distal limbs)
anterior cortiocospinal tracts (proximal limbs)

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55
Q

what are the five tracts of the tracts of the indirect motor pathways?

A

rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
lateral reticulospinal
medial reticulospinal

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56
Q

what is the rubrospinal tracts responsible for?

A

coveys impulses form the red nuclei
voluntary movements of the distal parts of the upper limb

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57
Q

what is the tectospinal tracts responsible for?

A

movement of the head, eyes, trunk, and visual or auditory stimuli

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58
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tracts responsible for?

A

movements of the proximal parts of the limbs for maintain posture and balance in response to head movement

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59
Q

what is there lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts responsible for?

A

movement of the proximal limbs to maintain posture and balance during ongoing movements

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60
Q

what four things is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

initiation movements
suppression of unwanted movements
regulation of muscle tone
regulation of non motor process

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61
Q

what is an involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus?

A

reflexes

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62
Q

what are the four kinds of reflexes?

A

spinal
cranial
somatic
autonomic / visceral

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63
Q

where does spinal reflexes occur?

A

grey matter

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64
Q

where does cranial reflexes occur?

A

brain stem

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65
Q

where does somatic reflexes take place?

A

skeletal muscles

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66
Q

where does there autonomic reflexes occur?

A

smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
glands

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67
Q

what five steps are involved with the reflex arc?

A

sensory receptors
sensory receptors
integration center
motor neuron
effector

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68
Q

what happens with stretch reflex?

A

causes a contraction fo skeletal muscles in response to stretch of a muscle

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69
Q

what are some examples of stretch reflex?

A

tapping tendons on the elbow

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70
Q

what gets triggered in stretch reflex?

A

muscle spindles

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71
Q

how would you describe reciprocal innervation of stretch reflex?

A

a stretched muscles contracts during a stretch reflex, the antagonistic muscle that opposes the contraction reflex

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72
Q

how would you describe the tendon reflex?

A

a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force become so great that a tendon my be torn

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73
Q

what is stimulated with tendon reflex?

A

GTOs

74
Q

how would you describe the flexor withdrawal reflex?

A

more than one muscle group contracts

75
Q

how would you describe the crossed extensor reflex?

A

helps maintain balance when flexor reflex is activated

76
Q

how many cranial nerves do we have?

A

12

77
Q

what three ways can the cranial nerves be classified?

A

special
motor
- branchial
- somatic
- autonomic
mixed

78
Q

what is the name for cranial nerve 1?

A

olfactory

79
Q

what is the classification for cranial nerve 1?

A

sensory

80
Q

what is the name for cranial nerve 2?

A

optic

81
Q

what is the classification for cranial nerve 2?

A

sensory

82
Q

what is the name for cranial nerve 3?

A

oculomotor

83
Q

what classification for cranial nerve 3?

A

motor

84
Q

what nerve is considered the early morning nerve?

A

oculomotor

85
Q

what is the smallest cranial nerve?

A

cranial nerve 4

86
Q

what cranial nerve is the cheater nerve?

A

cranial nerve 4

87
Q

what is the name for cranial nerve 4?

A

trochlear

88
Q

what is the classification for cranial nerve 4?

A

motor

89
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 5?

A

trigeminal
sensory and motor

90
Q

what nerve is involved with bells palsy?

A

cranial nerve 5

91
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 6?

A

abducens
motor

92
Q

what nerve is called the tequila nerve?

A

cranial nerve 7

93
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 7?

A

facial
motor and sensory

94
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 8?

A

sensory
vestibulocochlear

95
Q

what nerve is found in the ear canal and sed for balance, equilibrium and hearing?

A

cranial nerve 8

96
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 9?

A

glossopharyngeal
motor and sensory

97
Q

what nerve distributes to the thorax and abdomen?

A

cranial nerve 10

98
Q

what is the name for cranial nerve 10 and the classification?

A

vagus
motor and sensory

99
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 11?

A

accessory
motor

100
Q

what two muscles are innervated by the cranial nerve 11?

A

SCM
upper traps

101
Q

what is the name and classification for cranial nerve 12?

A

motor
hypoglossal

102
Q

what us the name for the receptors used for scent?
where are they found?

A

olfactory
olfactory epithelium of the nose

103
Q

what are the three kinds of olfactory receptors?

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells

104
Q

what’s another name for olfactory glands?

A

bowman glands

105
Q

what do the olfactory glands do?

A

produces mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts. they also secrete mucus to moisten the surfaces of olfactory epithelium
dissolve odorants

106
Q

what is olfactory transduction?

A

when olfactory tory receptors read to odorant molecules and trigger one or more nerve impulses

107
Q

what area of the brain is used for awareness of smells?

A

temporal lobes

108
Q

what area of the brain is responsible for remembering scents?

A

limbic system

109
Q

what Is stronger olfaction or gustation?

A

olfaction

110
Q

what are the five primary taste?

A

salty
sour
sweet
bitter
umami

111
Q

what are tastants?

A

chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells

112
Q

what three nerves are involved with tasting?

A

facial nerve: anterior 2/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3 of tongue
vagus: taste buds of the throat and epiglottis

113
Q

what are the six muscles of the eye?

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique

114
Q

what muscles do the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

superior rectus
inferior fetus
medial rectus
inferior oblique

115
Q

what muscles does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

superior oblique

116
Q

what muscles does the abducens nerve supply?

A

lateral rectus

117
Q

what is the iris of the eye?

A

coloured portion of the eye
shaped like a flat donut

118
Q

what determines the colour in the eye?

A

melanin levels

119
Q

when there is a large amount of melanin in the eye, what colour will it be?

A

brown

120
Q

when there is very low melanin in the eye, what colour will they be?

A

blue

121
Q

what nerve is responsible for the eye to constrict in light?

A

oculomotor

122
Q

what nerve is visible when looking into an ophthalmoscope?

A

optic

123
Q

what is the blind spot of the eye?

A

optic disc

124
Q

what is the centre of the eye called?

A

macula lutea

125
Q

what is the area of highest visual acuity?

A

fovea centralis

126
Q

what are the rods and cones responsible for?

A

rods: see in dim light
cones: colour (blue, green, and red)

127
Q

does the blind spot have rods or cones?

A

no

128
Q

what is visual acuty?

A

sharpness of vision
helps us focus on areas while reading

129
Q

what is convergence?

A

medial movement of two eyeballs so tat both are directed towards the object being viewed

130
Q

what’s the pathway of neural vision?

A

optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
lateral geniculate nucleus
optic radiation

131
Q

what is everything that can be seen by one eye ?

A

visual field

132
Q

what are the three divisions of the ear?

A

external
middle
internal

133
Q

what structures are in the external ear?

A

auricle
external auditory canal
ear drum

134
Q

what is another name for the ear drum?

A

tympanic membrane

135
Q

what structures are in the middle ear?

A

ossicles
oval window
round window
secondary tympanic membrane
tensor tympani
stapeduis muscle
auditory tube

136
Q

what structures are in the inner ear?

A

bony labyrinth
perilymph
vestibule
semicircular canal
ampulla
cochlea
organ of corti
tectorial membrane

137
Q

what are sound waves?

A

alternation high and low pressure regions traveling in the same direction

138
Q

fill in the blank:
the _____ the frequency of vibrations the _____ the pitch

A

higher
higher

139
Q

fill in the blank:
the ___ the intensity of vibration the ____ the sound

A

larger
louder

140
Q

how do we measure intensity of sound?

A

decibels

141
Q

what is the order of bones in the ear from first to last?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

142
Q

what area of the brain is where conscious awareness of sound occurs?

A

primary auditory area

143
Q

what area is for more complex integration of sound?

A

auditory association area

144
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

balance

145
Q

what are the two types of equilibrium?

A

static
dynamic

146
Q

what three was does equilibrium help with body movement?

A

linear acceleration or deceleration
tilting head forward and backwards
rotation

147
Q

what are the receptor organs for equilibrium?

A

vestibular apparatus

148
Q

what area of the brain controls autonomic systems?

A

hypothalamus

149
Q

what are the two motor neurone pathways?

A

preganglionic
postganglionic

150
Q

is the preganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?
what type of fibres do they have?

A

myelinated
b fibres

151
Q

is the postganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated?
what type of fibres do they have?

A

unmyelianted
cFibres

152
Q

which of the types of neurons (preganglionic or postganglionic) lies outside the CNS?

A

postganglionic

153
Q

where does the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse?

A

autonomic ganglion

154
Q

where are the cell bodies located for the following:
preganglionic
postganglionic

A

preganglionic: brain spinal cord
postganglionic: autonomic ganglions

155
Q

what are the two types of preganglionic neurons?

A

sympathetic division
parasympathetic division

156
Q

which of the types of preganglionic neurons innervate the lateral horns into the 12 thoracic segments and 2 of the lumbar?

A

sympathetic division

157
Q

which of the types of preganglionic neurons innovates CN 3,7,9, and 10, and the 2-4 sacral segments of the spine?

A

parasympathetic division

158
Q

what’s another name for sympathetic division?

A

thoracolumbar

159
Q

what’s another name for parasympathetic division?

A

craniosacral

160
Q

what is another name for autonomic ganglia?

A

sympathetic ganglia

161
Q

what are the two types of autonomic ganglia?

A

sympathetic trunk
prevertebral

162
Q

what are the five ganglions of the prevertebal ganglia?

A

celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
aorticorenal
renal

163
Q

are the parasympathetic preganglinoic axons long or short?

A

long

164
Q

are the parasympathetic postganglionic axons short or long?

A

short

165
Q

what does the prevertebral ganglions extend through on its pathway?

A

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullae

166
Q

what is the autonomic plexus?

A

tangled network of axons from both parasympathetic and sympathy neurons

167
Q

what are the seven plexus of the bpd?

A

cardiac
pulmonary
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
hypogastric
renal

168
Q

what things does the axons of the postganglionic neurons provide sympathetic innervation for?

A

sweat glands
smooth muscles of blood vessels
visceral effectors of skin, neck, trunk
arrestor pili muscles of hair follicles in the skin

169
Q

what is the adrenal medullas role with sysmathetic preganglioic axon pathways?

A

house the chromatin cells

releases hormones in the blood
-catecholamine
-80% epinephrine
-20% norephinphraone

170
Q

what nerve does 80% of cranial outflow towards?

A

vagus (X)

171
Q

what are the classifications for autonomic nervous systems?

A

cholinergic
adrenergic

172
Q

what do the cholinergic neurones and receptors release?

A

AcH

173
Q

what is included in the cholinergic neurons?

A
  1. all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
  2. sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands
  3. all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
174
Q

what enzyme inactivated ACh?

A

acetylcholinesterase

175
Q

what two neurotransmitters are seen in cholinergic neurons?

A

nicotinic
muscarinic

176
Q

what does adrenergic neurones release?

A

norepinephrine

177
Q

what things does adrenergic neurons bind to?

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine

178
Q

what is alpha 1 and beta 1 for?

A

excitation

179
Q

what is alpha 2 and beta 2 for ?

A

inhibitory

180
Q

what is beta 3 for?

A

thermogenesis

181
Q

what things are considered emotional exertion?

A

fear
embarrassment
rage
excitement

182
Q

what is the major control and integration centre for the ANS?

A

hypothalamus

Module 8 (12 decks)

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