Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards
wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and chasing, accompanied by laughing and screaming
Rough-And-Tumble Play
occasional, short-term conditions, such as infections and warts
o Acute Medical Conditions
physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions that persists 3 months or more such as asthma and diabetes
o Chronic Medical Conditions
chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing
o Asthma
Caused by genetics, smoke exposure, low levels of vitamin D
one of the most common diseases in school-aged children
o Diabetes
Characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both
Type 1: result of an insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing-cells in the pancreas are destroyed
Type 2: characterized by insulin resistance and used to be found mainly in overweight and older adults
– high blood pressure; children with hypertension are more likely to have learning disabilities and may have problems with executive functioning
o Hypertension
o Children can now think logically because they can take multiple aspects of situations into account
Concrete Operational
allows to interpret maps and navigate environment
Spatial concepts
makes judgement about cause and effects
Causality
– arranging objects in a series according to one or more dimensions
Seriation
– e.g. A < B < C
Transitive Inferences/Transivity
ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts, and to understand categories within a whole
Class Inclusion
involves making observations about particular members of a class of people, animals, objects, or events, and then drawing conclusions about the class as a whole
Inductive Reasoning
starts with a general statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class
Deductive Reasoning
Piaget believed that children in the concrete operations stage only used inductive reasoning
Principle of Identity: still same object even tho it has different appearance
Principle of Reversibility: can picture what would happen if he tried to roll back the clay of snake
Decenter: ability to look at more than one aspect of the two objects at once
Conservation
– the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems
o Executive Function
– the ability to deliberately direct one’s attention and shut out distractions
Selective Attention
the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses
Inhibitory control
o The efficiency of working memory increases greatly in middle childhood T or F?
True! ALANGAN?!
strategy to aid memory
o Mnemonic Device
– writing down things to remember
o External Memory Aids
conscious repetition
o Rehearsal
placing information into categories
o Organization
children associate items with something else
o Elaboration
– the knowledge of and reflection about memory processes
o Metamemory
most widely used individual test
Another common test is Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
o Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV
a popular group tests for kindergarten thru Grade 12
o Critics claim that the tests underestimate the intelligence of children who are in ill health or do not do well on tests
o IQ tests do not directly measure native ability, instead, they infer intelligence from what children already know
o Cortical thickness is influenced by genes
o Otis-Lennon School Ability Test
o Critics claim that the tests underestimate the intelligence of children who are in ill health or do not do well on tests
o IQ tests do not directly measure native ability, instead, they infer intelligence from what children already know
o Cortical thickness is influenced by genes
conventional intelligence tap only three types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, and to some extent spatial
o Theory of Multiple Intelligence
– intelligence consists of three elements:
a. Componential: analytic aspect, determines how efficiently people process information; helps people solve problems, monitor solutions, and evaluate results
b. Experiential: insightful or creative, determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks; enables people to compare new information with what they already know and to come up with new ways of putting facts together
c. Contextual: practical, helps people deal with their environment; the ability to size up situation and decide what to do
o Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
an individual test for ages 3-18, designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children with diverse needs and from varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds
o Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II)
an individuals belief that they can execute behaviors necessary to attain specific performance
o Self-Efficacy
o Doing well in school increases self-efficacy
o Girls tend to do better in school than boys
o Children who are disliked by their peers tend to do poorly in school
o Many educators argue that smaller classes benefit students
significantly subnormal cognitive functioning
o Intellectual Disability
difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling
o Learning Disabilities
most commonly diagnosed LD; severe impairment in their ability to read and spell
a. Dyslexia
difficulty in handwriting
b. Dysgraphia
developmental arithmetic disorder
c. Dyscalculia
