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ELL Test Study Guide > Language As A System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Language As A System Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Morpheme

A

A combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts. This includes prefixes and suffixes.

write, cat, laugh, box

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2
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest individual sounds in a word

The word “bit” has three phonemes – b – i – t.

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3
Q

Root

A

Base words to which prefixes, suffixes, and syllables can be added

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4
Q

Suffix

A

A letter or letters at the end of a root word that changes its meaning

s, es, ed, ing, ly, er, or, ion, tion, able, and ible

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5
Q

Uncountable Noun

A

nouns that do not have a quantity that can be determined using numbers

water, love, safety

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6
Q

Antonyms

A

words with the opposite meanings

hot/cold; and big/little

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7
Q

Varying Labels

A

multiple ways to refer to the same thing

dress and jumper; sneakers and tennis shoes

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8
Q

Aspect

A

words that determine if the statement is referring to a single action, a repeated or regular action, or a progressive/ongoing state or action

will have talked vs. will be talking

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9
Q

Phonetics

A

the sounds of human speech

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10
Q

Formal Register

A

a proper way of speaking used in professional and academic settings

She used a formal register when on a conference call with her boss.

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11
Q

Connector

A

word that relates words, phrases, or clauses to each other

if, so that, therefore, however

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12
Q

Countable Nouns

A

nouns that have a quantity that can be determined using numbers

potatoes, clients, buildings

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13
Q

Orthography

A

Spelling patterns of language

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14
Q

Hyponyms

A

words that fall under a more general term

Hyponyms for clothes are sweater, pants, shirt, etc.

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15
Q

Word Order (Syntax)

A

in a basic declarative statement in English, the subject comes first, followed by the verb, and then by the objects and adverbial phrases, if there are any

He went to the store yesterday.

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16
Q

Register

A

the degree of formality with which one speaks

People speak in a formal or informal register depending on the situation.

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17
Q

Language Function

A

the different uses of a particular language

An advertisement has the function to persuade us to purchase a product.

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18
Q

Oral Language

A

The system that relates sounds to meanings through communicating by word of mouth.

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19
Q

Phonology

A

the systematic organization of sounds in languages

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20
Q

Meronyms

A

words that are part of a more general term

Meronyms for pants are pockets, zipper, cuff, etc.

21
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of language in use, not in its structure; or the appropriate use of language.

22
Q

Morphology

A

The study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech.

The word “bicycles” is made up of three individual morphemes. The prefix bi-, the stem cycle, and the suffix -s.

23
Q

Frozen Register

A

a proper way of speaking that does not change over time

The Pledge of Allegiance is an example of frozen register.

24
Q

Determiner

A

words that provide information about nouns; vital for forming meaningful statements or questions

a, an, the, this, that, my, your, some, many

25
Q

Informal Register

A

a casual way of speaking used in settings with family and friends

He used an informal register when watching the game with his friends.

26
Q

Punctuation

A

marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

period

27
Q

Language Register

A

the degree of formality with which one speaks

People speak in a formal or informal register depending on the situation.

28
Q

Idiom

A

a phrase or expression that does not mean the same as the literal words

“Break a leg” “back to the drawing board” “spill the beans”

29
Q

Tense

A

words that indicate if a statement is referring to past time, present time, or future time

Past- She spoke. Present- She speaks. Future- She will speak.

30
Q

Semantics

A

The study of word or symbol meaning.

“love” which has many different meanings in English

Literal vs figurative meaning of “Raining cats and dogs”

31
Q

Homonyms

A

words that share the same spelling or pronunciation, but have different meanings

fly (insect/action of a bird or plane); park (open space in nature/stopping a car in a certain spot)

32
Q

Bound Morpheme

A

type of morpheme that can appear only as part of a larger word

Prefixes such as pre-, dis-, in-, un-, and suffixes such as -ful, -ment, -ly, -ise are bound morphemes.

33
Q

Prefix

A

A letter or letters at the beginning of a root word that changes its meaning

re, de, un

34
Q

Syntax

A

Rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences.

35
Q

Affix

A

A letter or letters that change a root word’s meaning

prefixes or suffixes

36
Q

Derivational Affix

A

an affix that changes the root or base word into a new word

When the derivational affix, “ful” is added to the noun, beauty, the word “beautiful” forms, meaning full of beauty.

37
Q

Minimal Pairs

A

phonemes that are similar and difficult to distinguish

save/safe; pass/path

38
Q

Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle

A

Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write

39
Q

Limited Vocabulary

A

smaller or more restricted bank of words than is typical

Student says “that one” instead of referring to item by specific name.

40
Q

Syllable Awareness / Syllabication / Syllable Segmentation

A

the ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words

“Education” has four syllables “ed-u-ca-tion”

41
Q

Discourse Markers

A

words or phrases that connect parts of writing or speech

firstly, meanwhile, too, also, likewise, however, thankfully, especially

42
Q

Discourse

A

the function of language in a social context

Some languages are inferential while others are direct.

43
Q

Synonyms

A

words with the same or a similar meaning

angry/mad/furious; bad/evil/immoral/tainted; and fast/quick/rapid.

44
Q

Language Acquisition

A

the process by which individuals learn a language

45
Q

False Cognates

A

words from different languages that look and sound alike, but have different meanings

The Spanish word “sopa” looks and sounds like the English word “soap,” but its English translation is “soup.”

46
Q

Pronunciation

A

the specific way a word is verbally produced

Students having a difficult time being understood by their peers may need to practice their pronunciation of certain words.

47
Q

Free Morpheme / Unbound Morpheme

A

type of morpheme that can stand alone or can appear with other morphemes in a lexeme

Simple words (i.e. words made up of one free morpheme, such as the, run, on, etc.) and compound words (i.e. words made up of two free morphemes, such as keyboard, greenhouse, etc.) are free morphemes.

48
Q

Inflectional Affix

A

an affix that changes the form of the root or base word

The inflectional affix, “ed” changes a verb to the past tense.

ELL Test Study Guide (5 decks)

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