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BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I > Chapter 10: The Central Visual System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: The Central Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

() results in perception.

A

Neural processing

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2
Q

Pathway serving conscious visual perception originates in the ().

A

retina

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3
Q

Information received by the retina is actually formed as action potential in the ()

A

retinal ganglion cells (RGC)

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4
Q

RGC axons pass through (3)

A
  1. Optic nerve
  2. Optic chiasm
  3. Optic tract
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5
Q

optic tract leads to ()

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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6
Q

Ganglion cell axons from nasal retina cross in () (partial decussation).

A

optic chiasm

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7
Q

() – all the information from one side

A

Hemifield

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8
Q

Each optic nerve has 2 parts, each connected to 2 parts of retina: () -> allows each eye to see a part of opposite eye’s hemifield

A

nasal and temporal

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9
Q

() – in both hemifields; intersection of hemifields that can be perceived by BOTH eyes

A

Binocular region

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10
Q

Objects in the binocular region of the left visual hemifield will be imaged on the (1) retina of the left eye and on the (2) retina of the right eye

A
  1. nasal
  2. temporal
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11
Q

all info about the left hemifield is directed to the () side of the brain

A

right

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12
Q

after the partial decussations in the optic chiasm, info from one side of the binocular field (from both hemifields) is merged in each ()

A

LGN (transmission given to LGN via synaptic transmission)

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13
Q

() – from outside to other part of brain (outside of retina)

A

Retinofugal

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14
Q

Cutting of () - blindness in left hemifield (not including binocular field)

A

left optic nerve

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15
Q

Cutting of () – complete blindness to the right side -> signals from right hemifield are not brought to visual cortex

A

left optic tract

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16
Q

Transection of () – outside of vision field is blinded -> no peripheral vision

A

optic chiasm

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17
Q

nonthalamic targets of the optic tract: () - role in biological rhythms, including sleep and wakefulness

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

Nonthalamic Targets of the Optic Tract: () in the midbrain - control size of the pupil, certain types of eye movement

A

Pretectum

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19
Q

Nonthalamic Targets of the Optic Tract: () in the midbrain - orients the eyes in response to new stimuli—move fovea to objects of interest

A

Superior colliculus

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20
Q

In the right LGN, the right eye (ipsilateral) axons synapse on LGN cells in layers (1); the left eye (contralateral) axons synapse on cells in layers (2).

A
  1. 2,3, and 5
  2. 1, 4, and 6
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21
Q

in the LGN, () are between numbered layers

A

K layers

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22
Q

Receptive fields of LGN neurons: almost identical to the () that feed them

A

ganglion cells

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23
Q

() LGN neurons: large center-surround receptive fields with transient response

A

Magnocellular

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24
Q

() LGN cells: small center-surround receptive fields with sustained response

A

Parvocellular

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25
Q

Within all layers of the LGN, the neurons are activated by (1) and ON-center and OFF-center cells are (2)

A
  1. only one eye
  2. intermixed
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26
Q

() provides 80% of the synaptic input to the LGN—role not clearly identified.

A

Primary visual cortex

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27
Q

() provide modulatory influence on neuronal activity

A

Brain stem neurons

28
Q

other names of the primary visual cortex

A
  1. V1
  2. area 17
  3. striate cortex
29
Q

Map of the visual field onto a target structure (seen in retina, LGN, superior colliculus, striate cortex)

A

retinotopy

30
Q

Central visual field (fovea) overrepresented in map (retinotopy) because ()

A

there are many more neurons in the V1 that receive input from the central retina than from the peripheral retina

31
Q

laminations of the striate cortex

A

layers I to VI

32
Q

spiny stellate cells in the striate cortex have (1), and are found in (2)

A
  1. spine-covered dendrites
  2. layer IVC
33
Q

pyramidal cells in the striate cortex are characterized by (1), and are found in (2)

A
  1. spines and thick apical dendrites
  2. layers III, IVB, V, VI
34
Q

() in the striate cortex lack spines and are found in all cortical layers -> form local connections

A

inhibitory neurons

35
Q

() typically send info to other parts of brain (can do this bc they have long axons/dendrites)

A

Pyramidal cells

36
Q

magnocellular LGN neurons project primarily to layer (1), which projects to cells in layer (2)

A
  1. IVC-alpha
  2. 4b
37
Q

parvocellular LGN neurons project to layer (1), which projects to cells in (2)

A
  1. IVC-beta
  2. layer 3
38
Q

() LGN axons make synapses primarily in layers I and III

A

koniocellular

39
Q

pattern for intracortical connection where in the retinotopic organization established in layer 4 is maintained

A

radial connections

40
Q

Interconnections between different radial columns via collateral branches in layer 3 pyramidal neurons

A

horizontal connections

41
Q

Hubel and Wiesel injected () into one eye in their experiment

A

radioactive proline

42
Q

Hubel and Wiesel’s experiment revealed the action and presence of () -> some neurons are dominated by 1 eye

A

ocular dominance columns

43
Q

Ocular dominance column shows () -> receptive field can be dramatically changed

A

dramatic plasticity

44
Q

mitochondrial enzyme used for cell metabolism

A

Cytochrome oxidase

45
Q

(1): pillars of cytochrome oxidase-rich neurons in V1; usually centered on an ocular dominance column in ()

A
  1. Blobs
  2. layer IV
46
Q

Multiple center-surround cells generate a () receptive field -> only when many of the cells are stimulated are the upper layer (simple) cells fired

A

“bar-type”

47
Q

cells in layer IVC of the striate cortex are similar to ()

A

LGN celss

48
Q

cells in layer IVC-alpha of the striate cortex are insensitive to ()

A

wavelength

49
Q

cells in layer IVC-beta of the striate cortex have ()

A

center-surround color opponency

50
Q

Most neurons in striate cortex layers superficial to IVC are ().

A

binocular

51
Q

Most of receptive fields in the retina, LGN and layer IVC are ().

A

circular

52
Q

Outside of layer IVC, many neurons in V1 respond best to an ().

A

elongated bar of light

53
Q

describe orientation selectivity in striate cortex neurons

A

responsiveness of neurons (rate of AP firing) is maximum when the object being perceived is in a preferred orientation

54
Q

Preferred orientation progressively ()

A

shifts across the layer IVC

55
Q

() responds to different orientation of bar stimulations

A

Orientation column

56
Q

Neuron fires action potentials in ()-dependent response to moving bar of light.

A

direction

57
Q

A subset of the orientation-selective cells in V1 shows () -> specialized for the analysis of object motion

A

direction selectivity

58
Q

Receptive Field of (): binocular, orientation-selective, elongated ON or OFF area flanked with antagonistic surround

A

Simple cells

59
Q

Receptive field may be composed of several LGN inputs from cells with ().

A

aligned center-surround receptive fields

60
Q

Receptive Fields of (): binocular, orientation-selective, ON and OFF responses to the bar of light, no distinct ON and OFF regions

A

Complex cells

61
Q

Each module capable of analyzing every aspect of a portion of the visual field

A

cortical modules

62
Q

beyond the striate cortex: Analysis of visual motion and the visual control of action

A

dorsal stream

63
Q

beyond the striate cortex: Perception of the visual world and the recognition of objects

A

ventral stream

64
Q

localized below the temporal lobe; highly activated when we see a face and try to recognize it

A

fusiform face area (FFA)

65
Q

neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces.

A

prosopagnosia

BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I (13 decks)

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