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Biomechanics I > Tissue Mechanics > Flashcards

Tissue Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary components of connective tissue?

A
  1. Fibrous proteins
  2. Ground substance
  3. Cells
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2
Q

What are 3 types of fibrous proteins?

A

Type I Collagen
Type II Collagen
Elastin

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3
Q

What are characteristics of type I collagen?

A

thick
stiff
binding

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4
Q

Where in the body is type I collagen found?

A
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Fibrous joint capsules
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5
Q

What are characteristics of type II collagen?

A
  • Thin
  • Lower tensile strength
  • Provides framework for other structures
  • Provides internal strength
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6
Q

Where in the body is type II collagen found?

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

What are characteristics of elastin?

A
  • Small fibrils (larger than type II though)
  • resists tension
  • elastic properties
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8
Q

Where in the body is elastin found?

A

Walls of arteries
Lungs
Intestines
Skin
Other elastic tissues (hyaline cartilage and ligamentum flavum)

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9
Q

What is Ground substance made up of?

A

Proteoglycans (Glycosaminoglycans or GAGs)
Water
Solutes

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10
Q

GAG molecules have a negative charge. What important effect does this have on the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

They are hydrophilic and attract water into the tissue

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11
Q

What are the main functions of cells in connective tissues?

A
  1. Synthesize ground substance
  2. Tissue maintenance and repair
  3. Constant turnover

Do NOT influence mechanical properties

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12
Q

What are the 2 main cells in connective tissues and where can you find them?

A

Fibroblasts (ligaments, tendons, supportive CTs)

Chondrocytes (hyaline articular cartilage and fibrocartilage)

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13
Q

Where in the body can you find dense connective tissue?

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Perimuscular fascia

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14
Q

What is the composition of dense connective tissue?

A

HIGH type I collagen
LOW elastin
LOW fibroblasts

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15
Q

Does dense connective tissue have good or poor healing and why?

A

Poor healing due to low vascularity

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16
Q

How does dense connective tissue adapt to stress/strain?

A

Increased stiffness (increased collagen and GAG synthesis)

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17
Q

How is IRREGULAR dense connective tissue different from regular dense connective tissue?

A

Collagen is arranged irregularly (disorganized) in ground substance while fibers are arranged in parallel for regular

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18
Q

Where can you find IRREGULAR dense connective tissue?

A

joint capsules

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19
Q

T or F: Irregular dense connective tissue can resist forces from MULTIPLE directions

A

True.

20
Q

Where in the body can you find REGULAR dense connective tissue?

A

ligaments
tendons

21
Q

Do REGULAR dense connective tissues resist tension from multiple directions or in a longitudinal direction?

A

Longitudinal direction

22
Q

What is the main purpose of ligaments

A

To constrain excess movement at bony articulations

23
Q

What is a purpose of tendons?

A

To transmit large forces from muscle to bone

24
Q

What are the 5 different modes of loading?

A
  1. Compression
  2. Tension
  3. Shear
  4. Torsion
  5. Bending
25
Q

Define compression

A

Force applied perpendicular to the surface, pushes together

26
Q

Define tension

A

Force applied perpendicular to the surface, pulling apart

27
Q

Define Shear

A

sliding that occurs between surfaces

28
Q

Define Torsion

A

Twisting around long axis

29
Q

Define Bending

A

deformation occurs perpendicular to long axis, tension of convex side, compression of concave side

30
Q

How will a material respond if it is strained within the elastic region of the stress-strain/load-deformation curve?

A

It will return to original shape after load is removed

31
Q

How will material respond if it is strained within the plastic region of the stress-strain/load-deformation curve?

A

It will remain deformed after load is removed

32
Q

What is the “yield point” of a load-deformation curve?

A

point where transition from elastic to plastic behavior occurs

33
Q

What is the eq for stress and units?

A

Stress = force or load / area
N/m^2 = Pascals = Pa

34
Q

What is the eq for strain and units?

A

Strain = Change in length (deformation)/ Initial length
%

35
Q

What does the area under the curve of a stress-strain curve signify?

A

Energy

36
Q

How do you determine stiffness of a tissue from a stress-strain curve?

A

Slope of linear/elastic region

Young’s modulus of elasticity: E = stress/strain

37
Q

What is viscoelastic creep?

A

A deformation/strain response that occurs when tissue is exposed to a CONSTANT load/stress, where there is rapid initial deformation followed by slow deformation (creep) until equilibrium is reached

38
Q

When you increase the loading rate of articular cartilage, how would the slope of the elastic region change? And what would that mean in terms of the stiffness of the tissue?

A

It would get steeper, therefore increased stiffness

39
Q

What does a stress-relaxation curve demonstrate?

A

Stress response when exposed to a constant DEFORMATION

40
Q

What is the general pattern of stress in a stress-relaxation curve, where a tissue is exposed to a constant deformation?

A

Rapid initial stress –> slow decreasing stress (required to maintain deformation)

41
Q

What is the capacity for repair for articular cartilage?

A

Very limited

42
Q

What are 3 functions of articular cartilage?

A
  1. Inc area of load distribution for jts
  2. Attenuate jt contact stress
  3. Provide a smooth, wear-resistant bearing surface
43
Q

What are the 3 phases of healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory (1-10 days)
  2. Proliferation (3-30 days)
  3. Maturation/Remodeling (3-360 days)
44
Q

Can physical activity/exercise mitigate the effects of aging on connective tissue and articular cartilage?

A

Yes!

45
Q

If the goal of stretching is to increase flexibility (tissue length), you must be in the ___ region of the load-deformation (stress-strain) curve.

A

Plastic

46
Q

The plantar fascia’s viscoelastic behavior means that it will:

A

Exhibit greater stiffness when loaded rapidly

47
Q

Stress-relaxation in articular cartilage is important to use because:

A

When articular cartilage is deformed, stresses are attenuated through re-distribution of fluid

Biomechanics I (6 decks)

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