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AQA A-Level psychology paper 3 > relationships > Flashcards

relationships Flashcards

1
Q

sexual selection

A

Characteristics passed on for reproductive advantage not survival
Any genes that promote successful reproduction are selected

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2
Q

Anisogamy

A

difference between male and female sex cells
Plenty of sperm - ‘cheap’ but ova are ‘expensive’ because they require more energy to produce them and there’s a limited amount

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3
Q

consequence of anisogamy

A

lots of fertile males=quantity over quality
less fertile females=quality over quantity
This gives rise to 2 different mating strategies inter and intra sexual selection

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4
Q

Intra- sexual selection

A

Selection of mates within sexes, eg males competing with each other for a female. Males who win pass on genes

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5
Q

what patterns of behaviour do intra-sexual selection pressures lead to

A

Physical consequences - males who are bigger win competitions for mates
Behavioural consequences - male aggressiveness also helps competitions

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6
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

One sex evolves preferences for desirable qualities in mates which gives an advantage to those genes
(females select males/ males select females)

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7
Q

Females (quality over quantity)

A

females more committed - therefore the females mating strategy is to select a genetically fit partner who is able to provide resources

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8
Q

Buss

A

10k pps from 37 different cultures and found universal traits. Women desire resources and intelligence and men desire youth and attraction

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9
Q

inter-sexual selection impact on partner preferences

A

female preferences determine features passed on in offspring

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10
Q

disadvantages of evolutionary explanation

A

-Mate choices vary during menstrual cycle
-Women have desire to be breadwinner
-Cultural traditions impact mate preference

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11
Q

self-disclosure

A

Disclosure about personal disappointments, accomplishments and sexual relationships have a greater influence on relationship satisfaction

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12
Q

social penetration theory

A

reciprocal exchanges of information between partners that is gradual

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13
Q

what does social penetration lead to

A

development, penetrate into each other’s lives through the sharing of info

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14
Q

what is info like at the start of social penetration

A

Breadth is narrow because if too much info is revealed too soon it can be off putting and one partner may to decide to quit the relationship

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15
Q

what happens to the info shared as more time goes on in social penetration

A

Depth increases, likely to reveal more intimate info as time goes on like personal memories

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16
Q

Reciprocity of self disclosure

A

Reis and Shaver suggest that there must be reciprocity alongside the broadening and deepening of self-disclosure

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17
Q

strength of self disclosure

A

+Important for developing and maintaining relationships
+’boom and bust’- more likely to disclose online
+TV viewers prefer reality stars who gradually disclose
+disclosure stronger face to face then online

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18
Q

weakness of self-disclosure

A

-Cultural differences between Western and non Western and genders
-Deterministic

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19
Q

physical attractiveness

A

how appealing a persons face is, agreement across cultures of what makes someone attractive and assumption to form relationship with attractive person

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20
Q

symmetrical faces

A

people with more symmetrical faces are more attractive as it is a sign of genetical attractiveness that cannot be faked

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21
Q

Evolutionary basis

A

physical attractiveness indicated natural selection
Baby face features are seen as attractive because because they trigger protective and caring instincts

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22
Q

The Halo effect

A

people have preconceived personality traits they think attractive people have

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23
Q

Dion et al halo effect

A

found that physically attractive people are consistently rated as kind, strong , sociable and successful compared to unattractive people

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24
Q

matching hypothesis

A

We seek partners whose social desirability matches our own

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25
Q

Walster matching hypothesis

A

Computer dance- matches PPs on physical attractiveness, intelligence and personality. PPs likely to arrange further date if they deemed them attractive

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26
Q

EASTWICK

A

Speed dating research found that PPs did not match on pre chosen physical characteristics but personality

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27
Q

physical attractiveness strength

A

+Real life application to understanding initial attraction in relationships
+Husbands who viewed their wives as attractive had higher satisfaction

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28
Q

physical attractiveness limitation

A

-People may settle with unattractive mates due to other desirable traits
-Online dating is based on the whole package not just attractiveness

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29
Q

KERCKHOFF (filter theory)

A

We use different filters to narrow down romantic partners, which leaves shared values, interests and personality to develop as important features

30
Q

what are the filters

A

social demography
similarity in attitudes
complimentary

31
Q

social demography

A

Age, background, location, ethnicity, education- we feel similar to people who share these traits with us

32
Q

similarity in attitudes

A

Shared values and attitudes to determine if a relationship starts

33
Q

complimentary

A

Providing mutual satisfaction and complimenting your needs

34
Q

strength of filter theory

A

+Allows people to make predictions about the future relations
+perceived similarity is more important than actual similarity

35
Q

limitation of filter theory

A

-Lack of supporting research for filtering
-Values and attitudes change over time- casual sex/children/ marriage

36
Q

KURDEK (social exchange theory)

A

The likelihood of staying in a relationship is determined by the profit and losses to the relationship and comparisons towards other partners

37
Q

PROFIT & LOSS

A

Try and maximise our rewards (sex, companionship, care) and minimise our costs (time, effort and money)

38
Q

COMPARISON LEVEL

A

A standard that all our relationships are judged against. Formed on previous relationships and general views. High or low CL.

39
Q

CL ALTERNATIVES

A

Weighing up potential increase in profit from different partners minus any costs. Can lead to distress if one person starts to rely less on the relationship.

40
Q

strengths of social exchange

A

+lacking an alternative will increase commitment
+relationship therapy

41
Q

limitations of social exchange

A

-profit and loss are subjective to each person
-difficult to assign a value to costs and benefits

42
Q

equity theory

A

Relationship satisfaction and comfort comes from equal input and output. The greater the inequity the greater the dissatisfaction

43
Q

what does the under benefiting partner feel

A

dissatisfaction, may feel anger, resentment and sadness

44
Q

what does the over benefitted partner feel

A

less dissatisfaction, may feel guilt or shame

45
Q

Consequences of inequity

A

At the start of the relationship its normal to contribute more than you receive , but if the situation carries on then dissatisfaction will set in and have a negative effect

46
Q

Dealing with inequity

A

under benefitted partner motivated to bring equity if they think the relationship is salvageable, change could be cognitive instead of behavioural, what was once perceived as a cost , eg abuse , can become the accepted norm for the relationship

47
Q

what stages of relationships have what level of inequity

A

Honeymoon and empty-nest stages report higher equity compared to child-rearing stages

48
Q

when is the relationship less likely to lead to cheating

A

Equitable relationships are less likely to lead to cheating

49
Q

limitations of equity theory

A

-Equity sensitivity is subjective
-Gender differences (women under-benefit and feel guilt more)
-Cultural differences (not as important in non-Western)
-Challenges social exchange theory

50
Q

strengths of equity theory

A

+Monkeys experience anger if not rewarded for their actions
+Real-life app (shows why someone would stay in an abusive relationship)

51
Q

rusbalt’s investment model

A

commitment depends on three factors, satisfaction, comparison with alternatives and investment

52
Q

satisfaction

A

judged by comparing rewards and costs.
Profitable= many rewards (e.g, sex, support) and few costs (e.g conflicts, anxiety)
Satisfied if getting more then expected based on previous experience and social norms.

53
Q

comparison with alternatives (rusbalt)

A

‘Could my needs be better met outside my current relationship? Are the alternatives more rewarding and less costly?’. Alternatives include the possibility of having no romantic relationship at all.

54
Q

investment

A

Anything we would lose if relationship were to end

55
Q

Intrinsic investments

A

resources put into relationship. Tangible things like money and intangibles like emotion and self-disclosure

56
Q

Extrinsic investments

A

possessions bought together e.g car and mutuals friends and children

57
Q

satisfaction vs commitment

A

Commitment main factor for staying in relationship which explains why dissatisfied partners may choose to stay. Committed due to making investment therefore maintain damaged relationship

58
Q

strengths of investment model

A

Real life app- explains abusive relationships

59
Q

limitation of of investment model

A

oversimplifies investment

60
Q

relationship maintenance mechanisms

A

Accommodation (promote relationship)
Willingness to sacrifice (put partners interest first)
Forgiveness (forgive for serious transgressions)
Positive illusions (unrealistically positive about partner)
Ridiculing alternatives (negative about tempting alternatives and other people’s relationships)

61
Q

duck’s phase model

A

Phased model of relationship breakdown:
intra-psychic phase, dyadic phase, social phase and grave-dressing phase

62
Q

intra-psychic phase

A

-Threshold: ‘I can’t do this anymore’
-Cognitive process
-Partner dissatisfied with relationship
-Weighs up pros and cons of relationship and evaluates against the alternatives
-Plans for the future

63
Q

dyadic phase

A

-Threshold: ‘I would be justified in withdrawing’
-Interpersonal process
-Series of confrontations
-Relationship discussed, issues aired
-Anxiety, lack of equity, resentment
-Two outcomes: Break up or Desire to repair

64
Q

social phase

A

-Threshold: ‘I mean it’
-Social networks
-Partners seek support
-Mutual friends pick a side
-Gossip
-Friends reinforcement and reassurance
-Friends can speed up the inevitable

65
Q

grave dressing phase

A

-Threshold: ‘It’s now inevitable’
-Relationship ended and favourable story chosen for public consumption
-Enables partners to save face and maintain positive reputation
-Shows other partner in a bad light
-Relationship done, time to move on

66
Q

absorption addiction model

A

use PRs to escape from reality, triggered by stress. Make up for deficits in real life

67
Q

Entertainment

A

social and least intense. Giles found PRs were fruitful source of gossip in offices.

68
Q

Intense-personal

A

intermediate level with greater personal involvement. Perhaps consider celebrity to be their soulmate

69
Q

Borderline-pathological

A

strongest level of worship, extreme thoughts and behaviours. E.g willing to perform illegal act on celebrities say-so or spend large sums of money on related objects.

70
Q

attachment theory

A

insecure-resistant adults have unfulfilled emotional needs, PR avoids rejection

AQA A-Level psychology paper 3 (5 decks)

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