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Hilary Term 1 > Lophotochozoa I – Annelids > Flashcards

Lophotochozoa I – Annelids Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Annelids

A
  • highly ecologically important and taxonomically narrow phylum
  • 12,000 species
  • segmentation using septa
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2
Q

Define segmentation

A
  • coincident repetition of characters
  • muscles, nervous system, excretory system and coelom
  • exclusion: prostomium which is unsegmented
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3
Q

Describe the features of Annelids

A
  • vermiform
  • large coelom
  • compounded by a hydrostatic skeleton of fluid filled spaces
  • movement of the circular and longitudinal muscles, and the ventral nerve cord
  • water-permeable skin
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4
Q

vermiform

A
  • lengths are much greater than their widths
  • soft-bodied
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5
Q

What is the importance of the epithelial cells?

A

key to animal organisation

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6
Q

Describe water-permeable skin

A
  • ecologically constrains to aquatic semi-terrestrial wet environments
  • facilitate gas exchange to a greater degree
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7
Q

Describe the taxonomic classification of Annelida

A

3 classes
- the Polychaeta
- the Oligochaeta

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8
Q

Polychaeta

A
  • ragworms
  • lugworms
  • fanworms
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9
Q

Oligochaeta

A

e.g. earthworms

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10
Q

Hirudinea

A

e.g. leeches

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11
Q

Clitellata

A
  • Oligochaeta
  • Hirudina
  • paraphyletic
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12
Q

Polychaetes can be ecologically classified into:

A
  • errant
  • sedentary
  • generally marine
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13
Q

Describe errant polychaetes

A
  • eyes and sensory appendages
  • use their segments in undulations to crawl or swim
  • active predators that bite.
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14
Q

Describe Polychaeta locomotion

A
  • contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal muscles
  • extension and contraction of the parapodia for added power
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15
Q

Describe sedentary polychaetes

A
  • live in burrows and tubes
  • crown
  • mouths fanned by radioles, which lead down into the ventral sac and tube
  • water flows in antiparallel
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16
Q

Describe the sedentary polychaete ventral sac

A
  • sand storage
  • latterly used for tube building
17
Q

Describe the sedentary polychaete tube

A

for consumption

18
Q

Describe sedentary polychaete radioles

A
  • size-discriminating sorting mechanism: large particles are discarded, smaller particles are consumed
  • use food grooves with pinnule extensors that are covered in cilia, creating a ciliary tract to direct food movement for consumption
  • ciliary feeding
19
Q

Describe sedentary polychaete use of segments

A
  • peristalsis
  • contacting the circular and relaxing the longitudinal muscles to thin segments and vice versa
20
Q

Segments and parapodia can be used for

A
  • tube irrigation
  • to ensure aquatic freshness
21
Q

Describe polychaete reproduction

A
  • dioecious
  • gametes released into the marine environment for external fertilisation, where the larval stages of the life history will also occur
22
Q

Dioecious

A

not hermaphroditic

23
Q

Describe the Oligochaetes

A
  • use their segments for peristalsis and locomotion
  • freshwater or semi-terrestrial, soil-based environment
  • no parapodia, eyes or head tentacles
  • hermaphroditic mating system
  • e.g. earthworms
24
Q

Describe Oligochaete mating

A
  • secretory clitellum structure
  • three specialised gametogenetic segments
  • any two oligochaetes can mate
25
Q

What are three specialised gametogenetic segments of oligochaetes?

A
  • the sperm store (spermatheca)
  • the female gonad
  • male gonad.
26
Q

Describe Oligochaete mating post-separation

A

clitellum secretes mucous cocoon that picks up the self-eggs, and the sperm from the spermatheca, to achieve fertilisation.

27
Q

Describe the Hirudinea

A
  • predators
  • blood-sucking ectoparasites
  • hermaphroditic
    e.g. leeches
28
Q

Describe Hirudinea morphology

A
  • similar to Oligochaetes
  • secondary loss of septa for stretching capacity: increased volume for consumption of a blood meal, but constrained locomotion
29
Q

Describe Hirudinea locomotion

A

looping and suckers

30
Q

Describe Hirudinea in therapy

A
  • help with post-operative venous congestion and swelling of digits and extremities
  • due to the surgical inability to sew the small vein network
31
Q

Describe the Sipuncula

A
  • marine
  • burrowing
  • lost their segmentation
  • aka peanut worms
32
Q

Describe the Echiura

A
  • flattened, grooved proboscis that projects over its environmental sediment
  • body exists in a burrow
  • aka spoon worms
33
Q

Bonellia viridis

A
  • species of Echiura
  • extraordinary sex dimorphism: females generally 10-100cm, males, exist endoparasitically to the female and are 1-3mm

Hilary Term 1 (61 decks)

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