5.A - how are places created through "PLACEMAKING"? Flashcards

1
Q

why have some urban areas declined in the last 50 years?

A
  • deindustrialisation/structural economic change (e.g. Sheffield/Glasgow)
  • N/S divide (less investment/access/govt spending)
  • time-space compression (globalisation/the internet)
  • cyclical economic change
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2
Q

who is usually involved in placemaking?

A
  • local and national govts. bring the money and ultimately make the decisions
  • businesses and TNCs drive investment
  • tourists drive placemaking
  • architects/planners
  • successful placemaking deals with how PEOPLE will interact with a place. people-centric approach
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3
Q

what is placemaking?

A
  • placemaking centres around the planning, design and management of public spaces
  • it creates/improves places to live and work in
  • it has people at the heart
  • its not only about economic gain
  • it focuses on how the environment and society would benefit
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4
Q

how is regeneration important in placemaking?

A
  • places which have faced decline, a recession or a negative structural change may be in need of regenerating
  • includes attracting new businesses/cultural opportunities and encourage wealthy migrants to these places
  • placemaking needs to make these places ‘desirable’ to enourage industries/TNCs/people/cultural scenes to locate in the place
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5
Q

how is ATTRACTING FDI important in placemaking?

A
  • tourists and companies
  • advances the economic development of the place
  • creates new jobs
  • creates dynamic and globally connected places- more involved in international business activities
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6
Q

why might it be difficult to always attract FDI?

A
  • could create disparities as it will only go to certain places
  • because of the globalised nature of the world, you’re competeing with literally every city in the world
  • places are competing to attract only a few companies
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7
Q

how are governments involved in placemaking?

A
  • get involved in TOP DOWN schemes
  • often the ultimate decision makers especially for big projects like HS2
  • they can change the rules to attract FDI
  • they encourage FDI to help overcome problems of structural change. For this, infrastructure needs improving and the govt needs to offer financial incentives.
  • EU investment involves ERDF money in projects like the Eden Project. through investing in projects and boosting a place’s economy it brings about social and enironmental improvements
  • UK govt has established Development Corporations in big cities in need of investment. They aquire land that is not used, clean it up and try to attract investors.
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8
Q

how did Nissan positively impact sunderland?

A
  • land was sold at agricultural prices by govt (cheap)
  • govt also offered grant of £10 mill
  • Nissan invested £2.1 billion in the site
  • 5,000 jobs
  • economic ecosystem
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9
Q

how significant are governments in placemaking?

A
  • provide the money and resources
  • actually make the decisions
  • large scale
  • only player that can attract FDI by offering grants/cheap land. can be transformational e.g. Nissan in Sunderland
  • local vs national govt changes scale and therefore perhaps importance
    - might not cater to the people. wont be transformative for everyone
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10
Q

how are planners and architects involved in placemaking?

A
  • closely linked to the govt at a local level
  • they create LOCAL PLANS
  • these provide the framework for what should be built or how land should be used
  • Local Authorities (LAs) contract architects for design work but have to approve their plans - so the ultimate power over placemaking rests with them
  • through designs, architects have the power to transform a place completely. make or break.
  • promoting the 24 hr city which will change people’s perception of cities at night
  • designs may be radical or reflect culture.
  • poor designs can lead to social problems
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11
Q

how did governments have a placemaking impact through the London Docklands?

A
  • cost £390 mill of public money (enormous scale, only govts could do it)
  • resulted in £8000 million private investment
  • huge economic improvements
  • 24,000 extra housing units
  • 80,000 jobs
  • cleaned up docks
  • employment is 3x higher
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12
Q

how significant are planners and architects in placemaking?

A
  • Sydney Opera House = ICONIC. transformed the harbourside
  • makes the place more attractive/popular
  • people visit there
  • has the power to shape a place positively or negatively
  • e.g. Hulme in Manchester
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13
Q

how are community groups involved in placemaking?

A
  • with community based participation, effective placemaking makes the most of a local communities assets, inspiration and expertise
  • results in the creation of public spaces people WANT and can contribute to their health and wellbeing
  • parish councils, resident’s associations or heritage associations
  • implement small scale change to get places changed to suit the needs of the local people
  • HAs help preserve key historic features
  • digital technology means more people can get involved in the process. opinions heard through social media and forums
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14
Q

how significant are community groups in placemaking?

A
  • smaller scale
  • more implementing finishing touches
  • have very little power over actual decision making and they more just advise those with the money to implement change
  • really good bottom up placemaking (small scale that attracts people to the place and therefore can initiate big scale change
  • e.g. Bath Heritage Watch Dog tried to stop KFC being built due to fear of ↑ litter - it was built anyway.
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15
Q

how can placemaking go wrong?

A
  • HULME, MANCHESTER
  • built 1960s, demolished 1990s
  • 13,000 people in a small area
  • 30x more likely to be mugged/murdered
  • 3x more likely to show signs of stress
  • children have no place to play even though they were designed for families
  • antisocial behaviour - cycle of deprivation
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16
Q

how is rebranding having an impact in Detroit?

A
  • different groups are working collaboratively.
  • employed bottom-up and market-led strategies
  • individuals who are passionate about improving the city have been influential
  • Dan Gilbert = company Rock Foundations operates the USA’s largest home lending company
17
Q

what are bottom up strategies?

A
  • community groups or non-profit organisations improving public spaces
  • start the placemaking process with little financial investment, working on the environment of an area and hoping this social or environmental improvement will stimulate businesses to the area
18
Q

how have bottom up strategies been used in Detroit?

A
  • community groups in detroit have worked with ‘People for Public Spaces’ and adopted their “lighter, quicker, cheaper” (LQC) approach to transforming the city’s public spaces
  • the idea of LQC is that, with the collaboration of local people, govt and business it is possible to transform places quickly and cheaply so the regeneration process is started.
  • amenities/interactive public art
  • baseball pitches/parks more useable
  • community centre with training programmes and events for locals
19
Q

what are market led strategies?

A
  • government and private business led rebranding
20
Q

how have market led strategies been used in Detroit?

A
  • Detroit Future City (govt in partnership with NGOs)
  • 50 yr plan to create economic growth, reclaim derelict land, improve neighbourhoods and provide citizens with basic services
  • LONG TIME SCALE but will see large scale renovation
  • Rock Ventures moved to central Detroit and now employs nearly 10,000 people there. Its flagship company “Quicken Loans” is USA’s largest online home lender and 4th largest retail lender.
  • company has invested in 4 casino hotels, rebranding detroit as a casino city
21
Q

how is the detroit government improving infrastructure?

A
  • M-1 Rail Streetcar (new rail transit)
  • the Regional Transit Master Plan (quick and seamless transit network across the region, enabling more people to access jobs and services)
22
Q

what are mixed communities and why are they successful?

A
  • key idea = inequality is a highly spatial issue
  • where inequality is found, it often creates a positive feedback loop
  • one approach is to create mixed communities where there are a range of houses from cheap to wealthy, meaning that people of all levels of wealth and levels of inequality can live in the same place and access the same services
  • new developments have to have a certain amount of “affordable housing” to situate wealthy and low income people together
  • aiming to tackle the feedback loop
23
Q

evaluate mixed communities

A
  • very successful strategy - they aren’t characterised by exclusively low income areas
  • enabling access to services
  • mixed tenure and mixed income were “non-issues” to residents
  • they saw their neighbours as ordinary people
24
Q

what is a 24 hour city?

A
  • large urban cities can be transformed into different places depending on time of day
  • common perceptions are of central places being deserted and unsafe at night
  • rebranding of 24hr city aims to change that
25
Q

how is london becoming a 24 hour city?

A
  • night bus routes doubled between 1999-2003 and passenger numbers tripled
  • 2006 6 mcdonald’s open 24 hours, by 2015 there were 50
  • more gyms and hairdressers open throughout the night
  • in the City, London’s financial heart, 250 liscenced premised remain open past midnight