Chapter 19

Question 1

irregular heartbeat

Answer 1

arrhythmia

Question 2

abnormal heart enlargement

Answer 2

cardiomegaly

Question 3

ultrasound study of the structure and motion of the heart

Answer 3

echocardiography

Question 4

graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity

Answer 4

electrocardiogram

Question 5

inability of the heart to pump blood sufficiently

Answer 5

heart failure

Question 6

the recipient’s heart is removed, and the donor heart is implanted in its place in the normal anatomic position

Answer 6

orthotopic

Question 7

excess amount of red blood cells

Answer 7

polycythemia

Question 8

-occurs via the placenta
-lungs are perfused by do no perform oxygenation and ventilation

Answer 8

oxygenation of the fetus

Question 9

What is an opening between the atria, allows blood flow from the right to the left atrium

Answer 9

foramen ovale

Question 10

What allows blood flow between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, shunting blood away from the pulmonary circulation

Answer 10

ductus arteriosus

Question 11

-heart rate: faster in infancy, decreases as the child ages
-blood pressure: lower in infancy, increases as the child ages
-HR and BP reach adult levels by adolescence

Answer 11

cardiovascular changes in childhood

Question 12

What are signs of a cardiac disorder?

Answer 12

-cyanosis
-irregular heart rate
-edema
-fever
-retractions or increased work of breathing
-prominence of precordial chest wall
-visible, engorged, or abnormal pulsations
-abdominal distention

Question 13

What are obstructive disorders?

Answer 13

• aortic stenosis
  -coarctation of the aorta
  -pulmonary stenosis

Question 14

What are the disorders with decreased pulmonary blood flow

Answer 14

-tetralogy of fallot
-tricuspid atresia

Question 15

What are the disorders with increased pulmonary blood flow?

Answer 15

• atrial septal defect (ASD)
• patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  -ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 16

What are the mixed disorders?

Answer 16

-hypoplastic left heart syndrome
-total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
-transposition of the great vessels (TGV)
-truncus arteriosus

Question 17

What is kawasaki disease?

Answer 17

-acute systemic vasculitis (mostly 6 months- 5 years)
-leading cause of acquired heart disease
-self- limiting syndrome but can cause cardiovascular complications
-treatment: IV immunoglobulin and aspirin

Question 18

What defects that increase pulmonary blood flow?

Answer 18

blood that is already oxygenated is leaking back into lungs = left to right shunt

Question 19

-a hole in the the septum between the right and left atria that results in increased pulmonary blood flow (left to right shunt)
-loud harsh murmur with a fixed split second heart sound

Answer 19

atrial septal defect

Question 20

-a condition in which a normal fetal circulation conduit between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close
-systolic murmur that sounds like a machine hum

Answer 20

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 21

-hole in the septum between right and left ventricle
-loud harsh murmur

Answer 21

ventricular septa defect

Question 22

What defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow?

Answer 22

right to left shift = deoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation

Question 23

A complete closure of the tricuspid valve that results in mixed blood flow

Answer 23

tricuspid atresia

Question 24

-FOUR defects that result in mixed blood flow: pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
-cyanosis at birth-progressively worsening cyanosis
- “Tet spells”- episodes of acute cyanosis and hypoxia

Answer 24

Tetralogy of Fallot “Tet”

Question 25

a narrowing of the aortic valve

Answer 25

aortic stenosis

Question 26

a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta usually at or near the ductus arteriosus = obstruction of blood flow form ventricle
- elevated bp in arms, bounding pulses in upper extremities, decreased bp in the lower extremities, cool skin of lower extremities, weak or absent femoral pulses, heart failure in infants, dizziness, headache, fainting, nosebleeds in older children

Answer 26

coarctation

Question 27

a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery that results in obstruction of blood flow from the ventricles

Answer 27

pulmonary stenosis

Question 28

-left side of the heart is underdeveloped; and ASD or patent foramen ovale is what allows for oxygenation of the blood
-heart failure, lethargy, cold hands and feet, if/when PDA closes- progressive cyanosis and decreased cardiac output= cardiac collapse

Answer 28

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Question 29

• the aorta is connected to the right ventricle instead of the left and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle instead of the right. a septal defect or PDA must exist to oxygenate the blood
  -surgical: switch arteries within the first 2 weeks of life

Answer 29

transposition of the great arteries

Question 30

failure to the septum formation resulting in a single vessel that comes off the ventricles

Answer 30

truncus arteriosus