Skeletal system Flashcards
Which cervical vertebra does NOT have a bifid spinous process?
C1 has no spinous process
Note: Its chief peculiarity is that it has no body, and this is due to the fact that the body of the atlas has fused with that of the Axis– to form the dens or odontoid process of the Axis
Recall: process- sharp slender projection, process in general refers to something emerging or projecting from the surface of the bone
Which ligament extends the length of the vertebral column and suports the vertebrae?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
The anterior longitudinal ligament runs down the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs of all of the vertebrae on their ventral side
may become calcified, causing back pain
What are the 6 ligaments of the vertebral column?
The major ligaments of the vertebral column include: the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava, supraspinatus ligament, ligamentum nuchae and the interspinous ligaments.
Define bone
Bones are rigid forms of connective tissue. They form most of the skeleton and provide a framework for sypppirt, movement, and protection of vital organs.
Bone is a strong and lightweight tissue. It is dynamic, being continually beng broken down and reformed through life.
Briefly define and list the compartments of the skeletal system
The skeletal system comprises bone and joints to create a framework protecting softer tissyes.
It is a somatic body system, which together with muscular and integumentary systems fives the body its form a nd shape, provides support and protection, and allows movement.
site haematopoiesis
Note the two ways in which bones is classified
structure of bone, and shape of bones
both of these determine their functions
Describe the structure of bone
Bone is not completely solid,
It contains manu spaces for bone marrow and blood vessles.
Based on the size and distribution of these spaces, bone can either be classified as one of the following:
- conpact/dense bone contains fewer and smaller spaces and more solid matter. It can be found in the external layer or cortex of all bones, and in the diaphyses of long bones
- spong/cancellous/trabecular bone: has more, larger spaces and is less solid. It is comprised of an irregular latticework called trabeculae. Usually forms central mass of short, flat and irregular bones, and the epiphyses of long bones.
The gaps between trabeculae contain red blood marrow
Where is red bone marrow found in bone?
Gaps between trabeculae in spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
List and describe the functions of bone
The functions of bone and the skeletal system more broadly can be summarised as follows:
1. The protection of delicate internal organs from injury e.g. vertebrae and spinal cord, cranial bones and brain, rib cage and heart and lungs
- Yellow bone marrow stores lipids (fat) and is an important site of stored energy; it also releases fat
- The red bone marrow, in some bones, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (i.e. haematopoiesis).
Sites of red bone marrow in the adult include:
- spongy bone tissue in : pelvic bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae (Spine), proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
Note: in clinical setting, biopsy is typically taken from sternum or hip bone, in assessing if RBC production is normal
- Bone tissue stores minerals e.g. calcium, phosphate, essential for contraction of muscles and nervous system functioning
- The skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the skeleton and thus when they contractm they pull on bones, producing movement
- Bones form a framework for the body and provide support for the body and for soft tissues
Describe the pump handle and bucket handle movements during breathing
- pump handle: sternal ends of ribs lower than vertebral ends i.e. they slope down
- Elevation of ribs 1-6 i.e. movement oat costovertebral joints through necks of ribs, moves sternum at manubriosternal joint superioirly and anteriorly increase in diameter i.e. up and forward
- bucket: ribs 7-10 middle thirsds are cirved lower than sternal and vertebral ends, so rotations at joints moves the rib shaft laterally or swign outward, exoendung the transverse diameter of thorax.
when expirign: elastic recoil of lunds and weight of thoracic wall causes thorax to return to relax, shrinking transverse an anteropisteroer diameters
Describe the classifications of bone by shape and provide some examples
- Long: humerus, femur, clavicle modided,, longer than wise
- short: equal on asll sisdes eg carpals
- flat: cranial, scapula
- irregular: auricular bones, facial bones e.g. sphenid, vertebrae
- sesmoid: ppatella and pisidiform, developes due to waears in tendon, for protection against friction
Describe the tissue bone types
- cancellous/trabecular/spongy: traveculae characteristic, irregular latticework, site of haematocposiese, bulk of short boens, epiphyseal plate
- numerous and large spcace
- dense and compact: located in diaphyses, layer of compact, less spaces, more matter, solid matter
List potential sources of bone marrow
- hip and sterum (relevant clincially)
- aspirate to see if haematopoiesis is normal
- others: ribs, vertebrae, cranil bones, proxinal epiphyses of humerus and femut
Describe the general features of verterbrae
- iregular
- cervical thoracic lumbar and
- verterbral body, IV disc
- transverse process and spinous process - bifid in cervical
- lamina and pedicles
- vertebral formaen for canal
- superior and infereior articular process and facets
- superior and infereior arches
Diffrences:
- cervial smalelst, lumbar biggest to ber larger weidhgt
- pedicle moves from posterolateral or posterir
- foramen circle ot triangle
- read open close book articualr porcesses
- spinos orcesses from posterior ro inferoor
- cistatl facets onf transcerseprocesses of thoracic ribs: costotransverse joints
Descrie tibs
- heat
- tubercle: costotranser(articular na dnon- costotransverse ligament)
- anfle
- costal groove: art vein nerv (ant and lat cutaneous branches)
- body
- articulate with sternum at stericostal if true ie 1-7
- 8-10: vertebrochonsdral, join to cartilage of rib above
- 11-12 floating, post abdmonal bones attach (Sometimes 10)
named for vertebrae below
both costovertebral (head) and transvers are plane joint
superior of vertebrae above
inferioru of same nunbered
costotransvese= adjacent
