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Biology SAAT > Digestie system > Flashcards

Digestie system Flashcards

1
Q

whats amylase

A

an enzyme that starts the breakdown of food in the saliva, when chemical digestion first starts

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2
Q

what does the process peristalasis do

A

it is the rhythimetic movement of the involuntary muscle that lines the esophagus to move the food down to the digestive system

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3
Q

how does the stomach perform both chemical and mechanical digestion?

A

chemical: the acidic enzymes in the stomach
mechanical: the movement of the smooth muscle that exsists in three layers in the stomach

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4
Q

what is the function of the stomach/gastric glands?

A

secrete an acidic solution that brings down the acidity of the stomach to about a 2pH

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5
Q

What’s pepsin and its job?

A

its an enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins

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6
Q

how does the stomach prevent damage from the pepsin

A

secrete mucus

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7
Q

what’s the capacity of the stomach, empty and full

A

empty: 50mL
full: 2-4 L

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8
Q

where does most of the absorbtion happen?

A

small intestine

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9
Q

where does most of the absorbtion happen?

A

small intestine

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10
Q

where does asprin and alcohol get absorped?

A

by cells in the lining of the stomach

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11
Q

the function of the pancreas?

A
  1. produce enzymes to digest carbs, proteins and fats
  2. to produce hormones
  3. secretes an alkaline solution to the small intestine to bring it to >7pH for perferable environment for the intestinal enzymes
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12
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

7 m

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13
Q

whats the largest internal organ of the body

A

the liver

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14
Q

whats the function of the liver?

A
  1. produces 1 L everyday of bile which breaks down lipids
  2. stores the leftover bile in the gallbladder
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15
Q

what can happen to the gallbladder?

A

t could get gallstones which are cholestrol crystals

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16
Q

at what organ is the chemicalabsroption completed?

A

small intestine

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17
Q

what is chyme

A

the name of the food after finsihing chemical digestion and going into the large intestine

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18
Q

what is chyme

A

the name of the food after finsihing chemical digestion and going into the large intestine

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19
Q

what are the times that food takes in each stage of the digesve system

A

mouth: 5-20 sec
Esophagus: 10s
Stomach: 2-24 hrs
Small intestine: 3-4 hrs
Large intestine: 18h-2d

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20
Q

what does the large intestine include

A

colon
appendix
rectum

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21
Q

whats the appendix and its function

A

a sack-like appendage

it has no function

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22
Q

what is appendicitis

A

when the appendix is inflamed and swollen and has to be removed surgically

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23
Q

what vitamins do the bacteria in the colon produce

A

k and b

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24
Q

whast hte main function of the colon

A

to absorp any left water in the chyme and produce feces

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25
Q

what is a calorie

A

the energy content of food, or ina other words, the amount of heat needed to raise the temprature of 1mL of water by 1 Celsius

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26
Q

what are complex carbohydrates

A

macromolecules

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27
Q

what happens to any excess glucose?

A

it gets stored int he liver in the form of glycogen

28
Q

whats a comples carbohydrate that isfoud in plant-based foods?

A

Cellulose or fiber

29
Q

functions of fat/lipids:

A
  1. maintain homeostasis
  2. protect internal organ
  3. building blocks for the body
  4. most energy dense sub-food
30
Q

what could be a result of excessive saturated fat consuptions?

A

high levels of cholestrol in the blood causing blocked arteries and heart problems

31
Q

where and how are fats digested

A

in the small intestine, they are broken down via bile into fatty acids and glycerol

32
Q

what are examples of proteins in the body?

A
  1. neurotransmitters
  2. memberane receptors
  3. enzymes
  4. hormones
33
Q

the steps of breaking down proteins:

A
  1. break down to amino acids
  2. amino acids are absorped into teh blood stream into variosu body cells
  3. body cells through “protein synthesis” assemle the amino acids into proteins the body structure needs
34
Q

how many types of acids do humans require for protein synthesis

A

20 amino acids

35
Q

how many fo the 20 required aminonacids can the human body produce

A

12 out of the 20

36
Q

how many essential amino acids do animal products contain?

A

8

37
Q

what are the exact percentages of the MY PLATE recommendation

A

grains: 30%
vegetables: 30%
fruits: 20%
proteins: 20%
side of dairy

38
Q

whats the function of vitamins:

A
  1. they help enzymes break down foods
39
Q

what are examples of vitamins made in the body?

A

colon: B and K
skin: D

40
Q

what kind of vitamins can be stored in the liver?

A

fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in small quantities in the liver ad fatty tissues of the body

41
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic compounds used as building blocks fo r the body and are also involed in metabolic functions

42
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic compounds neede din small amounts fo rmetabolic functions

43
Q

what is an example of a mineral used as a building block?

A

iron–> hemoglobin
calcium–> bones

44
Q

A

A

vision
skin and bones
milk and carrots

45
Q

D

A

bones
teeth
fish

46
Q

E

A

red blood cell memberane
almonds

47
Q

B2

A

metabolism
dairy

48
Q

B2

A

metabolism
dairy

49
Q

B12

A

formation of red blood cells
meat

50
Q

C

A

collagen
citirus

51
Q

Ca

A

bone
nerve conduction
contraction of muscle

52
Q

P

A

teeth
bond

53
Q

Mg

A

protein synthesis

54
Q

Fe

A

hemoglobin

55
Q

Na

A

balance ph

56
Q

K

A

muscle

57
Q

Cu

A

hemoglobin

I

58
Q

I

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormone

59
Q

how do steroid hormones work?

A

initiate the target cell to start protein synthesis

59
Q

how do steroid hormones work?

A

initiate the target cell to start protein synthesis

60
Q

what are examples of non-sterod/amino acid hormones?

A
  1. human growth hormone
  2. insulin
61
Q

whats an example of a process in the internal body that uses negative feedback?

A

homeostasis

62
Q

HORMONES OD THYROID AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:

A

Thyroxine: act on cells t o increase metabolism
Calcitonin: decreases calcium levels —> signials bones to absorp calcium and kidneys to secrete calcium

63
Q

functions of calcium

A
  1. blood clotting
  2. bone formatin
  3. nerve function
  4. muscle contraction
64
Q

what does aparathyroid produce and what does it dfo

A

parathyroid hormone: lowers calcium leverls by signaling bone and kdneys to release calcium

65
Q

what do the thyroid and parathyroid do together

A

maintain homeostasis

Biology SAAT (9 decks)

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