Pathology 🩺

Question 1

Definition of Hydrocephalus

Answer 1

• Accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain ventricles

Question 2

Specimen for examination of Hydrocephalus

Answer 2

Vault of the skull

Question 3

Adult Hydrocephalic Skull in hydrocephelus

Answer 3

• The skull sutures : fused (adult skull)
• The outer surface : smooth.
• The inner surface : shows excess pits
• Thinning of the inner table due to pressure atrophy caused by distended meninges.

Question 4

NE of Tuberculous Meningitis

Answer 4

• The inferior surface of the brain demonstrating encasement of the base of the brain with thick white exudate, characteristic of TB leptomeningitis.

Question 5

ME of Tuberculous granuloma

Answer 5

Tuberculous granuloma is formed of:

• Epithelioid cells which are large cells with ill-defined cell borders, abundant pale cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei.
• Giant cells with multiple nuclei arranged either in a horse-shoe manner (Langhans type) or central (foreign body type).
• Peripheral zone of lymphocytes.
• Variable degrees of central caseation.

Obliterative endarteritis and infarction.

Organisms can be seen with acid-fast stains.

Question 6

what does brain infarction complicate?

Answer 6

embolic occlusion or thrombotic occlusion

Question 7

NE of Brain infarction

Answer 7

pale, opaque, triangular in shape in the distribution of middle cerebral artery

Question 8

ME of Pilocytic astrocytoma —grade I

Answer 8

• Mildly cellular, formed of mature astrocytes within excess fibrillary background
• Cells are bipolar with stroma of eosinophilic elongated and coma shaped fibers (Rosenthal fibers).

Question 9

ME of Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma —grade II

Answer 9

• Hypercellular, formed of pleomorphic astrocytes within excess fibrillary background.

Question 10

ME of Glioblastoma Multiforme —–grade IV

Answer 10

• Formed of primitive astrocytes with marked Pleomorphism, Giant cells, mitosis, necrosis (palisasded) , vascular endothelial proliferation in glomeruloid manner.

Question 11

ME of Medulloblastoma

Answer 11

Small dark stained cells arranged in rosettes without central lumen (Homer Wright rosettes).

Question 12

ME of Meningioma

Answer 12

Formed of spindle shaped cells arranged in concentric layers with calcifications in the center (Psammoma bodies).