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Y1 BIO > 4B: resources from plants > Flashcards

4B: resources from plants Flashcards

1
Q

role of the cell wall

A

supports the plant cell

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1
Q

what is a cell wall

A

rigid structure that’s surrounds plane cell - made of cellulose

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2
Q

what is the middle lamella

A

the outermost layer of the cell

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3
Q

role of the middle lamella

A

acts like an adhesive, sticking adjacent plant cells together and gives the cell stability

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4
Q

what is the plasmodesmata

A

channels in the cell walls that link adjacent cells together

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5
Q

role of the plasmodesmata

A

allows transport of substances and communication between cells

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6
Q

what is pits in a plant cell

A

regions of the cell wall that are very thin - paired up with adjacent cell so that the pits line up with eachother

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7
Q

role of the pits in plant cells

A

allows transport of substances between cells

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8
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

a small flattened structure with a double membrane which contains membranes inside it aswell. The membranes are stacked to form grana. Filled with a thick fluid called stroma

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9
Q

role of chloroplast

A

the site where photosynthesis takes place - some of the process take place in the grana & some in the stroma

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10
Q

what are amyloplasts

A

a small organelle enclosed by a membrane - contains starch granules

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11
Q

role of amyloplasts

A

storage of starch grains - convert starch back to glucose for release

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12
Q

what is the vacuole and tonoplast

A

the vacuole is a compartment surrounded by the membrane called the tonoplast

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13
Q

role of the vacuole and the tonoplast

A

vacuole: contains cell sap - keeps cell turgid, involved in breakdown and isolation of unwanted chemicals in the cell

tonoplast: controls what enters and leaves the vacuole

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14
Q

what is cellulose

A

a polysaccharide made of beta glucose

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15
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

long unbranched chain of beta glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds
cellulose chains are linked together with hydrogen bonds to form strong threads called microfibrils which help provide structural support

16
Q

function of cellulose in a plant cell wall

A
  • prove structural support for the cell
  • allows substances to pass in and out of cell freely
  • gives the cell shape
17
Q

what features makes plant fibres strong

A
  • the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls
  • the secondary thickening of a cell wall
18
Q

how does the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils help make strong plant fibres

A

net like arrangement

19
Q

how does the secondary thickening of the cell wall help make strong plant fibres

A

between cell walls & cells membrane, a secondary cell wall forms
- has more lignin

20
Q

how can the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils and secondary cell wall thickening be explored by humans

A

due to being strong, they can be used for ropes and fabrics like hemp

21
Q

how does the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils and secondary wall thickening contribute to the physical properties of xylem & sclerenchyma

A

creates strong plant fibres due to lignin development - which helps with the strength of the vessels walls

22
Q

what is starch

A

the main energy source in plants (storage polysaccharide)

23
Q

what is starch made up of

A

2 alpha glucose polysaccharides
amylose & amylopectin

24
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose
- coiled
- compact

25
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

long, branched chain of alpha glucose
- more compact than amylose

26
Q

what is the role of hydrogen bonds between the beta glucose sheets in the formation of glucose microfibils

A

link cellulose chains together to form strong threads which can be used practically for humans and to help provide structural support for the plant cell

27
Q

what is the function of the xylem

A

vessel used to transport water and mineral ions up from the roots to the leaves of a plant (transpiration)

28
Q

what is the function of the phloem

A

vessel used to bidirectly transfer organic solutes around the plant (translocation)

29
Q

what is the function of the sclerenchyma fibres

A

fibres that provide support to vessels

30
Q

what is the structure of the xylem

A

long tube formed from dead cells
- hollow lumen
- no end walls
- walls thickened by lignin

31
Q

what is the structure of the phloem

A

arranged in tubes

sieve cells
- living cells
- have holes in them to allow transport of solutes
- thin layer of cytoplasm
- no nucleus therefore have companion cells

32
Q

what is the structure of a sclerenchyma fibre

A

made of dead cells that run vertically up the stem of a plant
- hollow lumen
- have end walls
- have more cellulose
- strengthened w lignin

33
Q
A

Y1 BIO (11 decks)

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