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MICR334 module 3 > Mucosal immunity > Flashcards

Mucosal immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the features of comensals?

A

no histone damage
- designed to live with you

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2
Q

what are the common features of mucosal barriers?

A

Outer mucus layer- traps commensals and potential pathogens
Inner mucus layer- contains anitgen and antimicrobial peptides
Epithelial cells- kept as far from the lumen, and so potential pathogens as possible

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3
Q

why do we need immunity in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Exposure to inhaled antigens and allergens
  • Common site of infection
  • Needs to be able to respond to “bad” bacterial but not respond to “good” bacteria
  • Needs to avoid damage
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4
Q

what does tolerogenic mean?

A

wont respond to minor stimuli

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5
Q

what are the common features of mucosal barriers?

A

Outer mucus layer- traps commensals and potential pathogens
Inner mucus layer- contains antigen and antimicrobial peptides
Epithelial cells- kept as far from the lumen, and so potential pathogens as possible

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6
Q

what are the precursor cells to macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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7
Q

what is the result of oxidized alveolar lung fluid?

A

It is less of a barrier to infection
- caused with ageing

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8
Q

what are ILCs?

A

Innate Lymphoid cells

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9
Q

what are innate lymphoid cells?

A

they have no antigen receptors
- Respond to cytokines and signals from epithelial cells

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10
Q

what cytokines to cytotoxin ILCs release?

A

perforin/granzyme
IFN-g
TNF

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11
Q

what do ILCs help fight in an immune response?

A

Viruses
Cancer
Chronic inflammation

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12
Q

why do we need immunity in the GI tract?

A
  • the gut has 10^14 ‘foreign’ bacterial cells
  • exposure to food antigens
  • common site of infection
  • needs to be able to respond to “bad” bacterial but not to “good” bacteria
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13
Q

how does the gut enact its immune function?

A

The gut has a specialised structure to allow antogen sampling and local immune responses

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14
Q

what is the Peyer’s patch in the GI tract?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue
- contaisn T, B and plasma cells

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15
Q

what is the roll of Tregs in the gut?

A

Maintain a non-inflammed state

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16
Q

what is the role of M cells in the GI tract?

A

Allow some translocation of bacteria across the cell membrane

17
Q

where are M cells found in the GI tract?

A

In the Follicule Associated epithelium
- a region ontop of the peyers patch

18
Q

what is the roll of paneth cells in the GI tract?

A

Make antimicrobial peptides
- important for maintaining sterile environment

19
Q

what are DAMPs?

A

dammage associated molecular patterns

20
Q

how does the gut keep homeostasis?

A

commensal bacteria do not lead to DAMP presentation
pathogenic bacteria lead to DAMP presentation

21
Q

what are pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-6
IL-12
IL-23

22
Q

what leads to tolerance in the GI tract?

A

Treg activation- no inflammatory response

23
Q

what leads to an inflammatory response in the gut?

A

T cell activation

24
Q

what happens during TLR-dependent expression of DAMPs?

A

upregulated production of antimicrobial peptides

25
Q

what is the role of migrating dendritic cells in the immune response in the gut?

A

can induce T and B cell activation in the mesenteric lymph nodes

26
Q

what is the role of the mesenteric lymph node?

A

has the ability to make gut associated lymphoid tissue
- holds lots of immune cells

27
Q

what is the role of M cells?

A

Activated peyers patch is situ

28
Q

what cells are found in the outer layer of the gut mucosal surface?

A

CD8+ T (resident memory) cells

29
Q

what is the stream of cell maturation in the gut?

A

Central memory cell
to
Presursor memory cell
to
Effector cell (recruited into the tissue by cytokines)

30
Q

how does age affect gut immunity?

A

Age-related changes in gut-microbial communities and associated declines in intestinal tissue function may fuel inflammaging, creating a vicious cycle further impacting host-microbiome interactions

MICR334 module 3 (6 decks)

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