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ib biology 111 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Define the theory Ocean Surface

A

The Ocean Surface theory is where scientist believed that life arose like tide pools.

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2
Q

Define the theory Panspermia

A

The Panspermia theory is where scientist believed that an asteroid/comet hit the earth with the living organisms and cells to begin life on earth

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3
Q

Define the theory Under Sea Thermal

A

The Under Sea Thermal theory is where scientist believed that there were organisms living in volcanic vents/the bottom of the ocean and they arose to the surface and had the right necessities to survive

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4
Q

List the Cell theories

A
  1. All cells come from cells
  2. All living matter is made of cells
  3. The cell is the basic unit of life
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5
Q

Plant cell characteristics

A
  • Cell wall + cell membrane
  • chloroplast (present in photosynthesis)
    -large vacuole (stores water)
    -rectangular
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6
Q

Plant cell characteristics

A
  • Cell wall + cell membrane
  • Chloroplast (colours cell green, present in photosynthesis)
  • Large vacuole (stores water)
  • Rectangular shape
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7
Q

Animal cell characteristics

A
  • Cell membrane only
  • No chloroplast
  • Small vacuoles
  • Round shape
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8
Q

List 2 differences between plant cells and animal cells

A

Plant
- Cell wall + cell membrane
- Chloroplast
- Large vacuole
- Rectangular
Animal
- Cell membrane only
- No chloroplast
- Small vacuole
- Round

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9
Q

The function of the Vacuole

A

The Vacuole is to store water, bigger in the plant cell for photo synthesis

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10
Q

The function of the Chloroplast

A

The Chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place, it’s what give plants is green colour (present in plant cells only)

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11
Q

The function of the Nucleus

A

The Nucleus holds genetic material and controls all the activity of the cell
there are four parts: the Nuclear Pore, Nuclear Envelope, Nucleoplasm, & Nucleolus

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12
Q

The function of the Cell Membrane

A

The Cell Membrane is the exterior of the cell, it holds the cell together. It controls the passage of the materials in and out of the cell.

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13
Q

The function of the Cell Wall

A

The cell wall is found in the plant cell, its made of cellulose and gives the cell it’s shape
(present in the plant cell only)

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14
Q

The function of the Lysosomes

A

The Lysosomes is the digestive system of the cell, it digest or hydrate dead parts of the cell

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15
Q

The function of the Cytoplasm

A

The Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that surrounds and protects the cell organelles

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16
Q

The function of the Peroxisomes

A

The peroxisomes Metabolize fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

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17
Q

The function of the Mitochondria

A

The Mitochindria is the power house of the cell, it supplies the cell with energy

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18
Q

The function of the Actin Filaments

A

The Actin Filaments are Long fibres that help the movement and shape of the cell

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19
Q

The function of the Cilia and Flagella

A

The Cilia are small hairs on the surface of a cell, Flagella is one long tail like structure on the cell, The both help move the cell

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20
Q

The function of the Centrioles

A

The Centrioles organize the spindle fibers
(present in animal cells)

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21
Q

The function of the Cytoskeleton

A

The Cytoskeleton transports substances in the cell and gives the cell shape while organizing spindle fibre

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22
Q

The function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

The Golgi Apparatus stores, modifies and prepares proteins

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23
Q

The function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in synthesis and transportation of proteins. there is the Smooth ER and Rough ER which has Ribosomes on it

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24
Q

The function of the Ribosomes

A

The Ribosomes are involved in the production of protein

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25
Q

The function of the Vessicles

A

The Vessicles store and transport substances that are made in the Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Cell Membrane

26
Q

What are Procaryotic cells characteristics

A

-Naked loop DNA, Cytoplasm in nucleoid region
-No mitochondria, cell surface enfolds the mesosomed to carry out the energy
-smaller in size (70s)
-Few or no organelle bound by a single membrane

27
Q

What are Eurkaryotic cells characteristics

A

-Strands of DNA, protein in the cell membrane protected by the double layer
-mitochondria present
-larger in size (80s)
-many cell organelles present

28
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eurkaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic
-Naked loop DNA, Cytoplasm in nucleoid region
-No mitochondria, cell surface enfolds the mesosomed to carry out the energy
-smaller in size (70s)
-Few or no organelle bound by a single membrane
Eukaryotic
-Strands of DNA, protein in the cell membrane protected by the double layer
-mitochondria present
-larger in size (80s)
-many cell organelles present

29
Q

Properties of viruses

A

-No cellular compoents
-Can not move
-Reproduced in host cell
-2 main parts
protein coat (capsule)
DNA/RNA
Extremely small

30
Q

Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) properties

A

-RNA in protein coat
-Makes DNA from Virused RNA
-DNA inserts into host DNA
-Proteins come from DNA
-Virus comes from proteins
-Virus release from cell
AIDS = HIV
HIV ≠ AIDS

31
Q

Prokaryotic cell shapes: Bacillus

A

Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria
single, double, or chains

32
Q

Prokaryotic cell shapes: Coccus

A

Coccus: Spherical Shape
Pairs, chains or Clusters

33
Q

Prokaryotic cell shapes: Spirilla

A

Spirilla: long twisted rigid rods or spirochetes
Flexible/ spiral

34
Q

What is Exocytosis

A

Exocytosis is when material EXITS through the cell membrane

35
Q

What is Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis is when material ENTERS through the cell membrane

36
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the Bacteria cell envelope

A

1.Plasma membrane
2. cell wall
3. glycocalyx

37
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx

A

The glycocalyx is the layer on the outside of the cell wall, it’s function is to prevent dehydration

38
Q

What is the function of the membrane proteins

A

-Hormone binding sites
-Immoblilzes enzymes
-Sticks groups of cells in tissues and organs together
-Cell to cell communication
-Channels for passive transport
-Pumps for active transport

39
Q

What is the Membrane composition

A

Hydrophilic heads- water loving
Hydrophobic tails- water hating

40
Q

Amphipathic Definition

A

Amphipathic is having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties (water loving + water hating components)

41
Q

Active transport definition

A

“against concentration gradient”
Means moving from [ low ] to [ high ]

42
Q

Actice transport requires energy call ___

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

43
Q

What are the 2 types of Passive transport

A
  1. Osmosis
  2. Diffusion
44
Q

what is the difference between Osmosis and Diffusion

A

Osmosis- transportation of water
Diffusion- transportation of particles

45
Q

What are the 3 types of Osmosis

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. Hypotonic
    3.Hypertonic
46
Q

True or False Solids can not diffusion through the membrane

A

True: The membrane is Semi permeable therefore solids are to big to move through it, solids have to go through the protein channels to pass through

47
Q

Define Isotonic

A

Isotonic is when the external concentration is the same as the internal concentration

48
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

Hypotonic is when the external concentration is LESS than the internal concentration

49
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

Hypertonic is when the external concentration is HIGHER than the internal concentration

50
Q

Mitosis Properties

A

-Splits once
-Asexual reproduction
-Somactic cell created
-Genetically identical
-Diploid (2n)
-2 cells

51
Q

Meiosis properties

A

-Splits twice
-Sexual reproduction
-Gametes (egg+sperm/ Pollen+ouvles)
-Not genetically identical
-Haploid (n)
-4 cells

52
Q

what are 3 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis
-Splits once
-Asexual reproduction
-Somactic cell created
-Genetically identical
-Diploid (2n)
-2 cells
Meiosis
-Splits twice
-Sexual reproduction
-Gametes (egg+sperm/ Pollen+ouvles)
-Not genetically identical
-Haploid (n)
-4 cells

53
Q

What is the order of Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
54
Q

What do Stem cells treat

A

Stem cells treat Leukemia and stargardt

55
Q

What are Stem cells

A

Stem cells are cells that don’t know what they want to be

56
Q

Where are Stem cells found

A

Stem cells are found in bone marrow, umbilical cord, and Embryos

57
Q

What are is 1 pro and 1 con of bone marrow stem cells

A

Pro
-Less chance of malignant cells forming than with embryonic
-Fully compatible with adults tissue
-Removal of stem cell do not kill the adult
Con
-Difficult to get as there are few of them and they are buried deep in the tissue
-Less growth potential than embryonic cells
-Limited capacity to differentiate

58
Q

What are is 1 pro and 1 con of Cord blood

A

Pro
-Easily obtained and stored
-Commercial collection and storage are readily available
-Perfectly compatible
Con
-Limited capacity to differentiate (only naturally develoup into blood cells)
-Limited quantities from one’s own cord

59
Q

What are is 1 pro and 1 con of Embryo

A

pro
-Almost unlimited growth potential
-Less chance of genetic damage
Con
-More risk of becoming tumour cells
-Likely to be genetically different from the adult receiveing them
-Can only take a few cells

60
Q

How many chromosomes does each everyone have

A

Everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total). They get 23 from their mom and 23 from their dad

ib biology 111 (4 decks)

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