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History Making of Modern Britain > Section 5- 1987-1997 > Flashcards

Section 5- 1987-1997 Flashcards

1
Q

When was Thatcher’s third election victory?

A

1987

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2
Q

when was thatcher’s bruges speech?

A

1988

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3
Q

in 1989 who did thatcher defeat in leadership?

A

Anthony Meyer

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4
Q

what happened in 1990

A

Poll tax crisis
Britain joined the ERM
Thatcher lost leadership contest- led to her resignation
Major became PM

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5
Q

what happened in 1991?

A

citizens charter
coalition forces liberated Kuwait

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6
Q

what happened in 1992?

A

Britain left the ERM
Maastricht treaty

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7
Q

when was the euro-rebellion and ratification of the maastricht treaty?

A

1993

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8
Q

when did blair become leader of labour?

A

1994

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9
Q

when did major win party leadership election? (2nd)

A

1995

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10
Q

which ministers did thatcher lose support of?

A

Heseltine, Lawson and Howe

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11
Q

When did Heseltine resign?

A

1986

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12
Q

when did Lawson resign?

A

1989

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13
Q

When did Howe resign?

A

1990

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14
Q

what did the 1986 big bag lead to?

A

1987 stock market

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15
Q

what did the Lawson boom do?

A

increase inflation by 10.9%

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16
Q

when was poll tax replaced?

A

1993- replaced with council tax

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17
Q

when did Major with the vote of no confidence?

A

1990

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18
Q

who did Major compete with for leadership?

A

Heseltine and Douglas-Hurd

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19
Q

how many seats did Major win with?

A

367 votes to 247

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20
Q

when did Major win his first election?

A

1992

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21
Q

who was predicted to win the 1992 election?

A

Labour

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22
Q

what type of campaigning did Major do to win?

A

soapbox campaign

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23
Q

how many seats did the conservatives win with (1992)?

A

21 seats

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24
Q

in 1992 how many households were in negative equity?

A

increased from 300,000 to 900,000

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25
Q

why did so many people have negative equity on their house?

A

people hurried to buy a house in fear there would be none left

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26
Q

what was the ERM?

A

european exchange rate mechanism

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27
Q

when did Britain join the ERM?

A

October 1990- led by Major

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28
Q

what were the terms that Thatcher would enter the ERM with?

A

the pound valued at a high rate

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29
Q

what did entering the ERM cause?

A

over a million people lost their jobs due to international trade declined
reduced inflation
no prosperity like the Germans
negative equity

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30
Q

what caused the pound to be devalued?

A

German bank raised interest rates so Britain had to follow, traders bought the deutschmark and sell the pound –> devalues the pound

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31
Q

when did the government refuse to devalue the pound and leave the ERM?

A

1992

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32
Q

who was the chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of Black Wednesday?

A

Norman Lamont

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33
Q

which country was struggling most with the German interest rates?

A

Italy

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34
Q

How did Lamont try to rectify the economic crashes in Britain and other countries due to german interest rates?

A

Asked Germany to lower the rates - they refused

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35
Q

what was Germany’s offer in regards to economies crashing in the ERM

A

offered to cut interest rates if everyone else devalued

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36
Q

what happened on 11th September 1992?

A

Italy tried to prevent their economy from collapse

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37
Q

what happened on 14th September 1992?

A

sellers got spooked so people began selling the pound

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38
Q

when was black Wednesday?

A

16th Wednesday 1992

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39
Q

what were people doing with the pound on black Wednesday?

A

selling it at high ERM rates and buying it back for cheap sold £5b

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40
Q

how much were the bank of England spending trying to save the pound?

A

2b per hour

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41
Q

what were interest rates increased by?

A

increased to 12% then 15% the same day

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42
Q

how much had the bank spent on black wednesday?

A

£15b

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43
Q

what did Britain do after the events of black wednesday

A

chose to pull out the ERM on black wednesday

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44
Q

what happened the the economy after Britain pulled out the ERM?

A

economy flourished and inflation stayed low

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45
Q

what did Neil Hamilton do?

A

“cash for questions”
sleaze
was demoted

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46
Q

who did john major have an affair with?

A

Edwina Curie

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47
Q

who did Alan Clark have an affair with?

A

Valerie Harkess and her daughters

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48
Q

what did Johnathan Aitken do?

A

charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice
declared bankrupt
procured prostitutes for arab businessmen
aware that BMARC sold guns to Iran

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49
Q

what did Jeffrey Archer do?

A

paid a prostitute
committed perjury

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50
Q

what had union membership declined by?

A

38.6% in 1989 to 30.2% in 1997

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51
Q

how much did working days lost to strikes decline by?

A

1903 in 1990 to 235 in 1997 (with a slight jump in 1996)

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52
Q

when was the Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act (TURERA) and what did it do?

A

1993 continued Thatcherist reforms by trying to minimise the influence of unions

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53
Q

what did the 1987 and 1994 Coal Industry Acts do?

A

continued with the privatisation of mines
the Union of Democratic Mineworkers lost increasing influence, leaving the employees with less negotiating power​

54
Q

what did the citizens charter do?

A

guaranteed standards in the public sector and made the public more like customers – successes were given ‘Charter Marks’

55
Q

how was the NHS improved?

A

was reorganised as an internal market, where different parts could buy services from each othe

56
Q

what happened to schools?

A

Local authorities’ influence was reduced in schools who were given more autonomy​

Performance league tables were introduced to give parents more choice​

57
Q

when and why was the national curriculum introduced?

A

1997 to standardise schools

58
Q

when and why was teacher training agency introduced?

A

1994 to improve standards of teachers​

59
Q

how did Howard reform the courts of justice?

A

introduced fixed and minimum sentences and more restrictions on judges to demonstrate a tougher stance on crime, with the number of prisoners growing at 3.4% per year (up from 2.5%)

60
Q

when was the national lottery introduced?

A

1993, which became a very large charitable organisation supporting arts and culture

61
Q

when was Major’s “back to basics” speech and what was the reaction?

A

1993 conference was intended to instil ‘traditional’ values, but drew focus to the sleaze and apparent hypocrisy of politicians

62
Q

When was the Motar bomb attack on downing street and who by?

A

1991- the IRA

63
Q

when was the manchester bombing and who by?

A

1996- the IRA
250 people were injured

64
Q

What was the Downing Street Declaration 1993?

A

a statement issued by John Major and Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds, giving Northern Ireland the right to self-determination to choose whether to remain part of the UK or become part of the RoI

65
Q

when was the Docklands bombing and who by?

A

1996- the IRA
2 people killed

66
Q

how did John Hume deal with the IRA?

A

held secret meetings with Sinn Fein over the course of 8 months

67
Q

when did Major win the Gulf war?

A

1991

68
Q

when was the poll tax replaced?

A

1992

69
Q

how was clause IV revised and when?

A

1995- changed to a promise of commitment to a ‘dynamic economy’ that serves the public interest and also reinforces the enterprise and competition of market forces

70
Q

when did Kinnock end labour’s support for closed shop union agreements?

A

1989- step taken by Tony Blair

71
Q

what was labour’s slogan after abandoning most of the 1983 manifesto policies by 1989?

A

‘it’s time for change’

72
Q

what image did John Smith become shadow chancellor promote?

A

a moderate image

73
Q

what signalled the beginning of labour’s split with the trade unions in 1989?

A

some disquiet from the left and unions

74
Q

what did john smith introduce to abolish the trade unions block in labour?

A

‘one member, one vote’ for parliamentary candidates in 1993

75
Q

who was Peter Mandelson?

A

appointed in 1985 as Director of Communications

76
Q

what was peter mandelson known as?

A

the spin doctor

77
Q

who was commissioned by Peter Mandelson to make a political broadcast?

A

Hugh Hudson

78
Q

in the 1997 election who won and by how many seats?

A

Labour - with 419 seats

79
Q

(Labour 1994 policies) what was ‘welfare to work’?

A

a programme of subsidies and training for benefit claimants to get back onto the job market - including tac credits to bump income

80
Q

what was labour’s ‘new deal’?

A

aimed at the disabled and single mothers to get back into work

81
Q

what is private finance initiative?

A

introduced by conservates in 1992 to attract private investors to invest in public sector
expanded by labour in 1997

82
Q

what was Benn’s alternative proposal to PFI?

A

the aims and objectives- unsuccessful

83
Q

who criticised the PFI?

A

Scargill, Livingston and Heffer- said it would make no revolutionary changes

84
Q

when was the employment act?

A

1990

85
Q

what did the employment act 1990 do?

A

required unions to hold a ballot of they wanted to strike

86
Q

when were labour’s plan to leave the eec dropped?

A

1988

87
Q

when did kinnock announce labour would not abolish nuclear weapons but still use trident?

A

1988

88
Q

when did Charles and Camilla’s affair begin?

A

1986

89
Q

when did Diana confront Camilla?

A

1989

90
Q

when did Charles and Camilla’s affair become public

A

1993- known as camilla gate

91
Q

when was Charles and Diana’s separation announced?

A

1993

92
Q

when were diana and charles officially divorced?

A

1996

93
Q

when was Diana’s affair public

A

1995

94
Q

what affect did Charles’ affair have on the royal family

A

made the royal family seem untrustworthy
encouraged anti-establishment views

95
Q

what did the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994 do?

A

reduced the age of consent for gay men from 21 to 18

96
Q

what year did the green party receive 15% of the popular vote?

A

1989

97
Q

in 1984 how much of the british public agreed with traditional gender roles?

A

46%

98
Q

in 1989 how many people believed a mother should stay at home?

A

64%

99
Q

when was Stephen Lawrence murdered for being black?

A

1993

100
Q

when were the satanic verses published?

A

1988

101
Q

in 1996 what did Stephen’s Lawrence’s mother do?

A

carry out a private prosecution - first acknowledgement of institutional racism

102
Q

when did the daily mail call the 5 gang members involved in Stephen Lawrence’s murderers

A

1997

103
Q

what happened at the second trial of stephen lawrence’s murder in 2011?

A

2 out of the 5 men were convicted

104
Q

how many divorces were there in 1993

A

165,000

105
Q

after signing the SEA in 1986 why did thatcher become more negative about europe

A

believed entering the single market would restrict britain’s autonomy through federalism

106
Q

when was minimum wage introduced

A

1999

107
Q

what did the Maastricht treaty introduce?

A

a single currency in the EU and introduced EU citizen ship in 1992

108
Q

what did Major try to opt out of in the maastricht treaty?

A

the social charter- members of the EU mjust meet social and economic standards eg min wage

109
Q

what were the pros of the Maastricht treaty

A

strong military defence
improved trade
decisions can be at a national level
raisies living standards

110
Q

what were conservative cons of joining the maastricht treaty

A

went against new right values
loss of the pound
if other economies failed so does britains
no autonomy over markets
weakened national government

111
Q

when did lithuania become independent?

A

1990

112
Q

what did the Maastricht treaty 1992 vote do?

A

in favour

113
Q

who were some pro-european conservatives?

A

Clarke and Heseltine

114
Q

when was the delors report submitted?

A

1989

115
Q

when did the Berlin wall fall?

A

1989- led to a united germany under Helmut Kohl

116
Q

when did the soviet union collapse?

A

1991- after Gorbachev

117
Q

how did Britain help Yeltsin after her became president of russia

A

Britain spent diplomatic and financial resources to help him against Communist and national opponents

118
Q

how much was the defence spending brought down by in 1991

A

down to 4% of GDP, a continuation of Thatcherite policy, and reduced again to 2.7% in 1992​

Cuts worth £3 billion were initiated over ten years in all forces and the Trident programme – spending should be focused on peacekeeping role

119
Q

when was the Dayton agreement signed?

A

1995 and supported the peacekeeping force installed in the region​ after a war broke out in Bosnia (split of Yugoslavia)

120
Q

when did major visit russia?

A

1994

121
Q

in relation to defence what did the conservatives announce?

A

NATO would be responsible for defence
EU would be responsible for security

122
Q

when did Croatia become independent ?

A

1991- the remaining Yugoslavia fought against them

123
Q

when was the 10 day war in Slovenia?

A

1991-

124
Q

what and when was the sarjevo agreement?

A

1992- ceasefire between croatia and yugoslavia

125
Q

what was the brioni agreement?

A

yugoslavia would withdraw from slovenia -not croatia

126
Q

when was a peace treaty signed in Yugoslavia (between NATO and bosnian serbs)

A

1995

127
Q

what happened between the UN and Saddam Hussein (who was invading Kuwait)?

A

UN issued an ultimatum to withdraw but he refused

128
Q

when was operation desert storm?

A

1991

129
Q

what had the defeat of iraq lead to?

A

deterioration of humanitarian so the safe haven campaign was introduced which ended Britain’s long time none intervention policy

130
Q

when were no-fly zones introduced in Kuwait?

A

1993

History Making of Modern Britain (6 decks)

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