Cardiology and Respiratory

Question 1

Features of EGPA

Answer 1

Asthma
Eosinophilia
Mononeuritis Multiplex

Question 2

Ostium Primum

Answer 2

The septum primum splits the atria in the neonate/newborn: should seal off after birth
Failure = failure of fusion of the superior and inferior cardiac cushions
Associated with Down’s syndrome

Question 3

Ostium Secundum

Answer 3

The septum secundum grows to cover the foramen ovale
Failure
1. Large foramen ovale
2. Inadequate growth of the secundum

Question 4

Ostium Primum VS Secundum

Answer 4

Primum
= less common, presents earlier
Associated with RBBB and LAD, prolonged PR interval

Secundum
= presents later, more common
Associated with RBBB and RAD

Question 5

QT interval

Answer 5

= start of QRS to the end of the T wave

Question 6

What is an Epsilon wave?

Answer 6

= small deflection in QRS
Excitation in the R ventricle
= arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Question 7

Cardiac Action Potenial

Answer 7

Na+ IN
Balance of Ca2+ IN and K+ OUT
K+ OUT

Question 8

Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Closure =
Maintain patency =

Answer 8

Closure = indomethacin
Open = prostaglandins
Why cannot give NSAIDs in pregnancy/end of pregnancy - close PDA, foetus dependent on that to allow bypass of lungs

Question 9

Interventions with proven benefit in COPD (3)

Answer 9

Smoking Cessation
LTOT
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery