June Test Education Flashcards
Marketisation
A form of privatisation, privatising the school system making it behave like a business. (e.g. league tables). Began due to the 1988 Education Reform Act. The process of introducing market forces of consumer choice. originally proposed by Chubb and Moe, new right theorists
Marketisation following features:
Independence - schools and colleges controlling their own affairs and running like a private business.
Competition - schools competing with one another for pupils (customers)
Choice - ‘parent power’ decides a child’s education. parents and student - the consumers of education - are given a choice of schools and colleges, rather than these decisions being made by state / council authorities
Marketisation Is Backed By Quality Control Through:
school and college inspections by Ofsted.
a national curriculum or government-approved subjects
testing, and the publication of performance tables, ‘league tables’ to help identify the best and weakest schools
Government Policies on Marketisation & Raising Standards : Conservative Government 1979-1997
local management of schools - management moved to governors and headteachers, and away from local authorities.
Formula funding - money allocated according to the number of pupils
Parental choice and open enrolment (any school vacancies had to accept any pupil until they were full)
National curriculum national testing (SATs)
Ofsted Established
School performance tables - league tables
Labour Government Policies on marketisation and raising standards:
More money for schools, more nursery education and smaller primary school classes.
Education Action Zones and academies in the more disadvantaged areas
Education Maintenance allowances
Specialist Schools - all secondary schools encouraged to adopt a specialist subject area
Conservative - liberal democrat coalition government government on marketisation and raising standards:
more academies - most secondary schools are now independent academies
free schools
pupil premium (extra money for most disadvantaged pupils)
Cultural Deprivation : Bernstien
Speech Codes - Differences in speech codes put working-class children at a disadvantage because the elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks and exams. Early socialisation into the elaborated code means that middle-class pupils are already at an advantage.
Cultural Deprivation : Douglas
Parents’ Education - Working-class parents place less value on education; they are less ambitious for their children and give them less encouragement to participate in educational activities, such as homework. As a result of this, many working-class parents do not attend parents evening.
Cultural Deprivation : Sugarman
Working-class Subcultures - Sugarmann identifies 4 key acts that act as a barrier to educational achievement for working class pupils:
Fatalism- there’s nothing you can do to change your status
Collectivism - valuing being part of a group more than being an individual
Immediate gratification- seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
Present time orientation- seeing the present as more important than the future, therefore having no long-term goals
Cultural Capital : Bourdieu
Middle-class children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands on the school curriculum. Parents can convert the cultural capital into economic capital, for example, they can send their children to private schools.
Material Deprivation : Housing
Poor housing can affect a pupils achievement directly and indirectly: (Douglus found a link between bad housing and educational achievement)
Overcrowding means there is no room for educational activities, such as homework and reading. It also means disturbed sleep from sharing bedrooms.
Families living in temp accommodation may find themselves having to move frequently, leading to disturbed education
Overcrowded homes mean greater risk of accidents and a higher risk of getting ill. This may lead to absence from school
Material Deprivation : Diet & Health
Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition affects health, for example, by weakening the child’s immune system- this may result in more absences from school (Howard).
JFR link between material deprivation
- A strong link between material deprivation and lower educational achievement
- Children from poorer families were less likely to have access to computers & the internet
- Children from poorer families were least likely to be able to afford private tuition
Ethnic external factors : linguistic factors
Some pupils speak a different language and some pupils speak an informal version of English. Bereiter and Engelmann state that the black Caribbean language is ungrammatical and disjointed, which means they cannot convey abstract ideas.
Ethnic external factors : Family Structure
There are higher rates of lone-parent families in black ethnicities. Moynihan found that many black families are headed by a lone mother, leading to lower achievement of black boys due to how they do not have a male role model.
