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1. Media - sociology > representations > Flashcards

representations Flashcards

1
Q

symbolic annihilation - tuchman

A

argue women’s achievements are often not reported, or are condemned or trivialised by the mass media. moreover, when women are portrayed, they are generally shown in a narrow and limited range of social roles and their achievements are often presented as less important their their looks and sex appeal

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2
Q

tunstall

A
  • mainly represents women as busy housewives, as contented mothers, eager consumers and as sex objects.
  • ignores that well over half of british women go to work
  • in contrast, men are often portrayed as active and in positions of power
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3
Q

mulvey - male gaze

A

refers to the way the camera looks at a woman in the same way a man does and consequently portrays women as sexual beings or as decorative

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4
Q

bates

A

music industry is particularly guilty of sexually objectifying women in lyrics and videos.
observes that as consumers, young girls learn that women are almost without exception, required to bare as much skin as possible. opposite for men who have women as decorations

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5
Q

ferguson (1983) cult of femininity

A

found that women were encouraged through magazines to focus on their appearance, marriage, domestic roles, and raising children

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6
Q

wolf

A

dominant media message aimed at women is that their bodies are a project in constant need of improvement e.g dieting, fitness ads

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7
Q

newbold

A

researched sports reporting and found that women’s sport was marginalised and also sexualised

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8
Q

transgressive representations - gauntlett

A
  • media aimed at women now emphasises women doing their own thing and being themselves. being tough and independent whilst ‘wearing perfect makeup and wearing impossible shoes’
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9
Q

plant

A

internet is feminist and can destabilise patriarchy because it allows women to explore, subvert and create new identities

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10
Q

plant eval

A

Feminist author Caroline Criado Perez received 50 rape/murder threats per house for 2 days in 2013

those identities women are exposed to on the internet are still hugely based on beauty standards and objectification of women, such as internet aesthetics

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11
Q

mc namara

A

media reps of men and boys generally failed to portray the reality of masculine life
- 80% of reps were negative. routinely shown as violent and aggressive, when in reality only a small proportion of men act out these roles
- men and boys also shown as irresponsible risk takers and incapable of communicating feelings or controlling anger

in contrast, 20% reps showed metrosexual male

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12
Q

metrosexual male

A

men who take of their appearance in terms on consuming toiletries and fashion products and who are unafraid to express emotional vulnerability

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13
Q

the new man

A

they should be in touch with their emotions or feminine side; they should treat women as equals’ active fatherhood is an experience worth having

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14
Q

rutherford - retributive masculinity

A

an attempt to reassert traditional masculine authority by celebrating traditionally male concerns in their content e.g ‘birds, booze and football’, page 3 of the sun

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15
Q

mcrobbies

A

calls independent woman focus popular feminism and suggests it’s commercialised

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16
Q

gill

A

argues the independent women stereotype can be highly sexualised and can involve women using their sexuality to get what they want - this is not empowering reps as it still shows women to be sex objects

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17
Q

liberal feminist perspective on gender media reps

A

believe that reps lag behind the reality of social and economic conditions. however, they acknowledge that representations of women have changed significantly for the better in the last 30 years. increasing the number of women who own and control media content will lead to further improvements

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18
Q

marxist fem perspective on gender media reps

A

believe the roots of the stereotypical images of men and women are economic; e.g the media emphasis on womens bodies as projects is the result of the growth of cosmetic and diet industries which make huge profits

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19
Q

radical fem perspective on gender media reps

A

believe it is no coincidence that at the same time as women are achieving social, political and professional equality, media products symbolically relegate them to subordinate positions as sex objects or mother-housewives

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20
Q

postmodernist perspective on gender media reps

A

gauntlett; mass media today challenge traditional definitons of gender and are actually a force for social change. has also been a new emphasis in on mens emotions and problems, which has challenged masculine ideals such as toughness and emotional reticence. as a result, the media are now providing alternative gendered images and ideas, which are producing a greater diversity of choices for people in constructing their gender identities

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21
Q

pluralist perspective on gender media reps

A

argue the media reflects society - so as our attitudes change so do media reps today. as women have gained greater equality the media has adjusted its reps. media does not create gender stereotypes, but reflects them

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22
Q

batchelor et al

A

content analysis
- some aspects of sexuality were represented very positively e.g exploration of issues such as consent

  • however findings also suggest three limitations
    1. contraception was clearly represented as a female responsibility
    2. distinct differences in terms of how young men and women in media texts, felt, and acted in relation to sex. classic tropes
    3. lack of positive images of lesbian and gay teenagers. failure to represent sexual diversity
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23
Q

dyer

A

the media constructs stereotypical signs of ‘gayness’ such as vocal tics, facial expressions, stances and clothing in order to make the ‘invisible the visible

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24
Q

symbolic annihilation (sexuality)

A

underrepresentation, lack of visibility and limited roles of lgbtq+ people/characters.
- batchelor; heterosexuality is the norm
-
- glaad; over 100 major studio films released in 2014, only 7 of the 17 films that included lgbt characters who, if removed from the film, would significantly affect the plot

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25
Q

craig

A

three media signifiers of gayness that are common in media reps of homosexuality;
1. camp
2. macho
3. deviant

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26
Q

craig

A

three media signifiers of gayness that are common in media reps of homosexuality;
1. camp
2. macho
3. deviant

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27
Q

more symbolic annihilation - stonewall

A

2011- out of a total of 126 hours of TV aimed at young people, only 5 hours43mins were focused on LGBT. and only 46 mins of this portrayed them realistically and positively/realistically

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28
Q

pink economy, pink pound

A

def; spending power of lgbt community

  • power of pink economy has been recognised and many gay people are professionals with no dependants and large disposable income. advertisers seek gay consumers through gay-positive advertising and marketing campaigns
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29
Q

increase in rep of lgbt

A

e.g glee, its a sin, orange is the new black

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30
Q

tokenism (sexuality)

A

gives the media product an appearance of reality

31
Q

medical model of disability

A
  • caused by biological factors/mental illness. biologically determined
  • promotes the view of a disabled person as dependent and needing to be cured/cared for
  • medical profesh set this agenda bc they are top of the hierarchy of credibility
  • view; disability is unhealthy, tragic, unfortunate
    -this medical model reflects how pluralists see rep of dsability
32
Q

social model of disability

A

oliver, barnes and mercer
disability is caused by society, socially constructed
- people are disabled by society not their impairment
- discrimination reinforces the idea that the disabled are dependent and separate from mainstream society

33
Q

barnes - stereotypes of disabled

A
  1. pitiable and pathetic
  2. sinister and evil e.g villains
    3.atmospheric or curio
  3. super-cripples (portrayed as having special powers)
  4. sexually abnormal e.g the undateables
  5. incapable of participating fully in community life
34
Q

ross

A

for disability issues to be reported, they have to be sensational, unexpected or heroic to be interpreted as newsworthy e.g bbc show the superhumans

35
Q

changes in disability reps - williams-findlay

A
  • examined the times and the guardian between 1989 and 2009.
  • a steep decline in the use of stereotypical words such as ‘brave’ but both negative reps were still present
  • in 2009 journalists still assumed disability was ‘tragic’
36
Q

philo and briant

A
  • increase in disability reporting
  • however, the proportion of articles that described disabled people in sympathetic and deserving terms had fallen and media portrayal of some groups e.g those with ‘hidden’ disabilities were particularly negative bc they were described as welfare ‘scroungers’ who were undeserving of benefits
37
Q

postmodernism on disability reps

A
  • dominant medical discourse is fragment in 21st cent as disabled are politically organising themselves, independently constructing their own identity. medical metanarrative is in decline, which is reflected in more positive media reps

gauntlett; all theories of reps need to be cautious in their approach bc of the sheer diversity of media in the uk. its difficult, if not impossible, to generalise these critiques to all types of media

38
Q

van dijk - content analysis

A

content analysis of tens of thousands of news items across the world over several decades. noted news reps of black people could be catgorised as; EMs as criminals, ems as a threat, ems as unimportant

39
Q

watson

A

moral panics often result from media stereotyping of black people as potentially criminal

40
Q

hall et al

A

examined a 1970s moral panic that was constructed around the folk devil of the ‘black mugger’

41
Q

minority groups as a threat - van dijk

A

three groups seem to constitute the greatest threat in the uk, in which moral panics have been constructed around;
1. immigrants; their ‘numbers’ and impact on supply of jobs, housing etc
2. refugees and asylum seekers; portrayed as coming to britain to abuse the welfare state
3. muslins; poole- islam has always been demonised and distorted to be presented as a threat

42
Q

moore et al

A

analysed content of british media between 2000 and 2008. avoided content on 9/11 because they wanted to focus on everyday content of british muslims.

  • over 1/3 focused on terrorism, while 1/3 focused on differences between muslim community and british society by highlighting e.g forced marriages
43
Q

ameli et al (2007)

A

media discussions around issue of wearing hijab and veil is also problematic because journalists depict it as patriarchal and obsessive form of control
- negative language reduces muslim women to victims
- other factors are generally ignored because journalists only want to see them in the context of a repressive form of islam

44
Q

minority ems as unimportant - ligali

A

black victims of crime are not paid the same degree of attention by the news media as white victims of crime

45
Q

tokenism - shah

A

argued broadcasters overcompensate for the lack of executives, producers, directors and writers from em groups by putting too many black and asian faces on screen, regardless of whether they authentically fir the programmed they’re in. ethnicminority actors are merely ‘props’

media = dominated by liberal white male public school and oxbridge mc elite

46
Q

changing reps of ethnicity

A
  • medis companies are recruiting more ems .eg sky plans to make sure that 20% of writers and actors comes from an EM background
  • inrease in range of tv channels have enabled more programmes to be targeted at black and asian audiences specifically e.g bbc asian network (radio)
  • media is challenging previous stereotypes;
    — newmedia can put across own povs
    – mainstream media e.g noughts and crosses, luther wheredetective is black man challenging stereotype that theyre the criminal
47
Q

pluralism perspective on reps of ethnicity

A
  • problematic reps reflect real fears
  • newspapers are simply acting in the interests of readers by demanding that those in power take actions to control em groups
  • people can also choose not to buy these newspapers, bc there is a diversity of media products, some of which portray ems in a natural/positive way

criticism; many white people may have not come into contact with black ppl/muslims and may not have formed opinions, so their only source of info is the media; journalists are constructing and shaping racist ideologies on behalf of their readers

48
Q

marxist perspective on reps of ethnicity

A
  • hall; moral panics of ems justify more official spending on the social control of communities which pays on white WC fears that immigration and radicalisation of young muslims are more problematic than extreme inequalities in income distribution or poverty
  • hollingsworth; limited evidence bc there was some anecdotal evidence uncovered that some tabloid owners, jorunalits and editors had racist views but probs only a small proportion
  • cottle; there were 347 reports that focused on death of stephen lawrence and institutional racism
49
Q

hegomonic perspective on reps of ethnicity

A
  • product of economics rather than ideology or racism; white opinions are reflected bc they are the majority audience- bring most money
  • consensus approach means media professionals dont want to risk alienating their white audience by focusing on minority cultures
  • consensus approach means white experts and sources at top of hierarchy of credibility. cottle; media professionals devote little time to non-institutional or em sources
  • cottle; pursuit of large audiences has led to the tabloidisation or dumbing down of news . e,g complex issues such as impact of multiculturalism are less likely to be explained.
50
Q

representations of childhood

A
  1. cute
  2. little devils e.g bart simpson
  3. brilliant
  4. brave little angels
  5. accessories e.g stories about celebs such as angelina jolie or beckhams may focus on how their children humanise them
  6. modern - may focus on how children ‘these days’ know so much more ‘at their age’ than previous gens of children
51
Q

representations of childhood

A
  1. cute
  2. little devils e.g bart simpson
  3. brilliant
  4. brave little angels
  5. accessories e.g stories about celebs such as angelina jolie or beckhams may focus on how their children humanise them
  6. modern - may focus on how children ‘these days’ know so much more ‘at their age’ than previous gens of children
51
Q

representations of childhood

A
  1. cute
  2. little devils e.g bart simpson
  3. brilliant
  4. brave little angels
  5. accessories e.g stories about celebs such as angelina jolie or beckhams may focus on how their children humanise them
  6. modern - may focus on how children ‘these days’ know so much more ‘at their age’ than previous gens of children
52
Q

evans and chandler

A

children being represented in commercials socialises them to become more active consumers, increases pester power.
this creates greater anxiety among poorer children , who will often go into debt to provide for their childrens desires

53
Q

representations of youth aimed at socially constructing lifestyle and identity

A
  • magazines are produced specifically for young people. record companies, internet music, download sites, mobile telephone and radio stations all specifically target and attempt to shape the musical tastes of young people
    networking sites on the internet e.g snap and ig allow youth to project their identities around the world
54
Q

youth portrayed as a social problem

A
  • as immoral or anti-authority
  • consuquently constructed as folk devils and part of a moral panic; majority of moral panics since the 50s have been manufactured around young peoples behaviour e.g hoodies, drugs, binge drinking
    which has attracted this disapproval of those in authority
55
Q

wayne et al

A

their analysis looked at 2130 news items across all main tv channels during may 2006 and found that 286 stories that focused specifically on young people. of these, 28 percent focused on celebs, but 82% focused on young people as either the victims of perpetrators of violent crime - mainly represented as a threat to society
- note that media delivers a one-dimensional picture of youth, encouraging fear and condemnation rather than understanding

56
Q

gumg on reps of youth

A

most journalists subscribe to a consensus view of society that places older people at the top of the hierarchy of credibility with regard to their sources. consequently, the agenda is as far as the reporting of youth is concerned is set by older people and consequently is negative

57
Q

postmodernists on youth

A

negative portrayals are only a small aspect of media reps which are actually diverse and pluralistic.
they highlight the role of new media and the fact that young people are accomplished creators and users of such media e.g young people construct unique identities which are positive and sometimes very profitable

58
Q

newman

A

upper and middle class elderly men are often portrayed in tv as occupying high status roles e.g leaders and portrayed as both healthy and fit, as well as socially involved

59
Q

stoller and gibson

A

negative consequences of ageing for men focus more on occupational success than physical attractiveness.
elderly women are mainly shown in social, family and recreational settings and represented as poor, unpleasant, socially isolated

60
Q

charity age concern

A

elderly are underrepresented and portrayals are generally ageist
- grumpy
- mentally challenged
- a burden

61
Q

grey pound

A

lee et al note that reps of the elderly is fairly low - 15% but majority of these advertisements - 91% portray the elderly as ‘golden agers’ who are active, alert, healthy and successful
however, may be unrealistic bc it doesn’t reflect the wide range of experiences people have as they age including loss of status, poverty, loneliness and loss of partner

62
Q

representations of the upper class

A
  • neo marxists: mass-media reps tend to celebrate hierarchy and wealth. those who benefit generally receive a positive press as celebrities who are somehow deserving of their position
  • hardly every portray the upper classes in a critical light , nor do they draw any serious attention to inequalities in wealth

e.g downton abbey, a rosy, idealised picture is painted of a ruling elite characterised by honour, culture and good breeding

63
Q

naim

A

rare to see any criticism of the monarchy following makeover after ww2 that made then seem ‘like us’ but not ‘like us’.
- resulted in a national obsession with the royal family, reflected in every trivial detail of their lives being reflected positively and turning their lives into an ongoing narrative but with more glamour and mystique.
- reps of the queen also aimed at reinforcing a sense of national identity

64
Q

newman - wealthy

A
  • the media focus very positively on the lifestyles of the wealthy and priveleged.
  • also notes the enormous amount of print and broadcast media dedicated to daily business news and stock market quotations, despite the fact that few people in the uk own stocks and shares
  • media rarely focus on the inequities of capitalism
65
Q

pluralists, representations of the rich justified because

A
  1. media view the UK as a meritocracy and portrayals of the wealthy are representative of the idea that talented people are deserving of high rewards
  2. such stories may motivate people to work hard in the belief that they can attain these rewards, which benefits the economy
  3. they focus on finance, stocks and shares may merely reflect the importance of these sectors for the economy
66
Q

representations of the middle class

A
  1. overrepresented and predominant
  2. lots of british newspapers are aimed at the MC and their consumption
  3. newspapers often crusade on behalf of the mc and initiate moral panics on issues such as immigration and asylum seekers coming to europe
  4. most of the creative personnel in the media are themselves MC- dominates positions of authority
67
Q

reps of the wc - jones

A

coverage of wc constitutes a mc assault on wc values. mc journalists suffer from a ‘liberal bigotry’ which assumes all wc people are feckless, promiscuous, foul-mouthed racists who hate ems, refugees and multriculturalism.
the reporting of such issues such as poverty, unemployment etc often suggests personal inadequacy rather than govt policies or poor business practices being the main cause of these social problems

68
Q

curran and seaton - reps of the wc

A

newspapers aimed at wc audiences assume they’re uninterested in serious analysis of either the political or social organisation of uk society. political debate is often reduced to a simplistic conflict between personalities
e.g content of the sun assumes audiences want to read about celeb lifestyles and gossip
- marxists see media content as an attempt to distract the wc from the inequalities of capitalism whilst pluralists think its what the newspaper readers want which is reflected in sales

69
Q

reps of the wc changing over time - jones

A

argues reps of wc and underclass have worsened over time and are demonised. challenges the view that there is a march of progress
could be because of;
- growing prejudice against the underclass e.g as a society we blame people for their unemployment. in the past, benefits were seen as a ‘safety net’ and was more public sympathy for being unemployed
- growth of tv channels has increased competition for more viewers, leading to poverty porn and other programmes presenting wc people as objects for our entertainment e.g the only way is essex

70
Q

representations of the underclass - mckendrick

A

studied a week’s output of mainstream media in 2007 and concluded that coverage of poverty is marginal in uk media, in that the causes and consequences of poverty are very rarely explored through the news, docus or dramas

71
Q

representations of the underclass - cohen

A

argues media is hopeless at realistically reporting or dramatising the plight of the poor. argues that some sections of media actually revel in the suffering of the poor by commisioning shows that deliberately portray the poor as parasitic scroungers. media therefore reinforces the popular view that the poor are poor because of their own depravity and weakness. MEDIA FAIL TO SEE CONNECTION BETWEEN DEPRIVATION AND WEALTH

72
Q

lawler representations of the underclass

A

discriminatory and offensive language e.g chav vilify and socially stigmatise what they depict as a peasant underclass or white trash, symolised by stereotypical forms of appearance, such as wearing of tracksuits etc

73
Q

marxists on reps of social class

A

mass media are an ideological agency that functions to maintain, legitimise and reproduce class inequalities and to bring about a state of false class consciousness to those who occupy the bottom rungs of society. profit and health need to be justified as deserved (when in reality they are the product of the capitalist class exploitation of labour )

1. Media - sociology (6 decks)

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