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biology > genetic diversity > Flashcards

genetic diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

number of different alleles in a species or population

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2
Q

name 2 factors that increase genetic diversity

A

mutations in DNA

different alleles being introduced

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3
Q

genetic diversity allows what to occur

A

natural selection

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4
Q

what is a genetic bottleneck

A

causes a big reduction in a population

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5
Q

what does the founder effect describe

A

when a few organisms start a new colony

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6
Q

describe the steps of natural selection

A

1- individuals with allele for best survival will survive and reproduce
2- greater number of that allele in population
3- this will be passed on to offspring

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7
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation

A

ways organisms act that increase their chance of survival and reproduction. eg possums play dead

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8
Q

what is a physiological adaptation

A

processes in an organisms body that increase chance of survival eg lowering metabolism

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9
Q

what is an anatomical adaptation

A

structural features of an organisms body that increase chance of survival eg thick layer of fat in wales

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10
Q

what is directional selection

A

where individuals with an extreme allele are more likely to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

what is an example of directional selection

A

antibiotic resistance

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12
Q

what is stabilising selection

A

individuals with middle range characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

when does stabilising selection occur

A

when environment isn’t changing

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14
Q

how does human birth rate show stabilising selection

A

very small babies less likely to survive

large babies less likely to survive

middle babies is best weight

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15
Q

what is phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary history of organisms

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16
Q

what is taxonomy

A

involved naming organisms and organising them into groups

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17
Q

each group in the classification system is called a what

A

taxa

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18
Q

what is the first taxa organisms are sorted into

A

domains

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19
Q

name the pneumonic for the classification system

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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20
Q

as you move down the taxa of the classification systems what does it mean for relatedness

A

they get closer related

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21
Q

what is a species

A

a group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

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22
Q

name the 2 main rules of the binomial system

A

genus is first part of name and has capital letter
second part is species

23
Q

when writing an organisms name using binomial system by hand what must you do

A

underline it

24
Q

what is courtship behaviour

A

done by another species to attract a mate of the same species

25
Q

what is special about courtship behaviour

A

its species specific

26
Q

what have advances in genome sequencing meant

A

the entire base sequence of an organisms DNA can be determined

27
Q

what are the 2 other methods of clarifying evolutionary relationships

A

immunological comparisons and comparing amino acid sequence

28
Q

how were early estimates of genetic diversity made

A

by looking at frequency of measurable observable characteristics

29
Q

what is variation

A

differences that exist between individuals

30
Q

what 3 ways does courtship behaviour increase probability of successful mating

A

attraction to opposite sex

recognise same species

stimulates mating

31
Q

what should a sample be when studying variation

A

random

32
Q

why should samples be random and how can we aid this

A

so they aren’t biased, can use random number generator and divide field into a grid

33
Q

how should u analyse results of variation

A

statistically

34
Q

how can mean be used in variation sampling

A

to show variation by looking at either side of the mean on a bell shaped graph

35
Q

how can standard deviation be used in variation sampling

A

shows how much values vary

can be plotted on an error bar

36
Q

define biodiversity

A

variety of living organisms in an area

37
Q

define habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

38
Q

define community

A

all the populations of different species in a habitat

39
Q

what is local diversity

A

variety of species in a small habitat

40
Q

what is global biodiversity

A

variety of species on earth

41
Q

what is species richness

A

number of different species in a community

42
Q

how can species richness be worked out

A

by taking random samples of a community

43
Q

what is the index of biodiversity

A

a way of measuring biodiversity using an equation takin number of species and abundance of species into account

44
Q

what does a high index of diversity mean

A

the more diverse an area is

45
Q

name 3 examples of methods farmers use that reduce biodiversity

A

woodland clearance

hedgerow removal

pesticides

46
Q

give 3 examples of legal schemes to prevent lack of biodiversity

A

giving legal protection to endangered species

creating protected areas

environmental stewardship scheme

47
Q

Give one way, a sampling procedure can be standardised 

A

Using the same size of area 

48
Q

What are two ways u can ensure index of diversity is representative of each habitat

A

Large number of samples

Use random sampling techniques

49
Q

Why is diversity better in a hedge then barley field

A

Better habitat

More variety of food

50
Q

Give two reasons why grassy strips increase biodiversity

A

Increase in habitat

Higher availability in types of food

51
Q

What is a mutagenic agent?

A

Factor that increases the rate of mutations

52
Q

what is meant by hierarchy

A

groups within groups

no overlap

53
Q

what is the role of independent segregation in meiosis

A

provides genetic variation

allows diff combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

54
Q

describe how comparisons of biological molecules can help find out how closely related species are

A
  • compare dna
  • amino acid sequence compared
  • compare haemoglobin eg
  • inject protein
    -obtain antibodies
  • add protein from other species

biology (16 decks)

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