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Ketering > Bio/Protection > Flashcards

Bio/Protection Flashcards

1
Q
  1. WHAT ARE SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE?
  2. LARGEST SOURCE OF NATURAL EXPOSURE IS:
  3. LARGEST SOURCE OF ARTIFICIAL EXPOSURE IS:
A
  1. PATIENT = PRIMARY BEAM
    - PERSONNEL/WORKER = PATIENT
  2. RADON GAS
  3. X-RAY (DIAGNOSTIC / MEDICAL)
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2
Q
  1. X-RAY PRODUCTION CONSIST OF WHAT INTERACTIONS?
    - (NAME & %)
  2. WHAT IS WAVELENGTH?
    - MEASURED IN?
  3. WHAT IS FREQUENCY MEASURED IN?
A
  1. BREMSSTRAULUNG (90%) & CHARACTERISTIC (10%)
  2. DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS
    - ANGSTROM
  3. 1 CYCLE PER SECOND (HERTZ)
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3
Q
  1. CARDINAL PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION PROTECTION?
  2. RELATION BETWEEN ABOVE & PATIENT DOSE
    A:
    B:
    C:
  3. EVERYTHING ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM HAVE WHAT IN COMMON?
A
  1. TIME, DISTANCE & SHIELDING
  2. A:DECREASE EXPOSURE TIME = DECREASE PT DOSE
    B: INCREASE DISTANCE = DECREASED PATIENT DOSE
    C: INCREASE SHIELDING = DECREASED PATIENT DOSE
  3. TRAVEL AT SPEED OF LIGHT
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4
Q
  1. WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM?
  2. WHAT IS X-RAYS WAVELENGTH RANGE?
  3. BRIEF DESCRIBE BREMS INTERACTION:
    - WHAT DETERMINES THE ENERGY OF PHOTON?
A
  1. ORGANIZES RADIATION BASED ON ENERGY, WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY
  2. .1 - .5 ANGSTROM
  3. BREM = ELECTRON CLOSE TO NUCLEUS & CHANGES DIRECTION (CLOSER TO NUCLEUS & MORE DIRECTION CHANGE = HIGHER PHOTON ENERGY)
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5
Q
  1. BRIEF DESCRIBE CHARACTERISTIC INTERACTION:
    - WHAT DETERMINES THE ENERGY OF PHOTON?
  2. WHAT SHELL IS USED IN X-RAY?
  3. BINDING ENERGIES OF K, L, M & N:
A
  1. KNOCKING ELECTRON OUT OF SHELL
    - WHAT SHELL ELECTRON WAS KNOCKED OUT OF (K, L,M, ETC..)
  2. ONLY K SHELL IS USEABLE
  3. BINDING ENERGIES:
    K 69.5
    L = 12
    M = 3
    N = 1
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6
Q
  1. WHAT IS PRIMARY RADIATION?
    - AKA:
  2. WHAT IS LEAKAGE RADIATION?
  3. EXIT RADIATION
    - AKA
A
  1. PHOTONS COMES THROUGH WINDOW / DIRECTED AT PATIENT
    - USEFUL BEAM
  2. ANY X-RAY PHOTON EXITING TUBE OTHER THAN WINDOW
  3. PHOTONS EXITS PATIENT AND INTERACTS WITH IR
    - REMNANT RADIATION
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7
Q
  1. WHAT IS SCATTER RADIATION
  2. WHERE DOES SCATTER COME FROM?
  3. EFFECT ON IMAGE?
A
  1. PHOTONS EMITTED FROM PATIENT
  2. PATIENT (FROM COMPTON INTERACTION)
  3. FOG ON IMAGE
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8
Q
  1. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TIMES PHOTON CAN SCATTER BEFORE LOOSING ALL ENERGY:
  2. INTENSITY OF SCATTER PHOTON IS:
  3. WHY IS SCATTER IMPORTANT?
A
  1. 2 TIMES
  2. 1/1000 (.001 OR .1%) OF PRIMARY BEAM
  3. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
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9
Q
  1. IS THER FOLLOWING DIRECT OR INDIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL:
    A. TIME & PT DOSE
    B. DISTANCE & PT DOSE
    C. SHIELDING & PT DOSE
  2. WHAT ARE PARTICULATE FORMS?
  3. WHAT ARE WAVE/RAY FORMS?
A
  1. A. TIME & PT DOSE = DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL / RELATED
    - B. DISTANCE & PT DOSE = INDIRECT / INVERSLEY
    - C. SHIELD & PT DOSE = INDIRECT / INVERSLY
  2. PARTICULATE = ALPHA & BETA
  3. WAVE/RAY = X-RAY & GAMMA
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10
Q
  1. ALPHA
    -TYPE RADIATION:
    -SIMILAR TO:
    - PENETRATING ABILITY:
  2. BETA
    -TYPE RADIATION:
    -SIMILAR TO:
    - PENETRATING ABILITY:
A
  1. PARTICULATE
    - HELIUM
    - LOW PENETRATING (PROTECTED BY PAPER)
  2. PARTICULATE
    - HIGH SPEED ELECTRON
    - SHIELD BY ALUMINUM
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11
Q
  1. X-RAY
    -TYPE RADIATION:
    -SIMILAR TO:
    - PENETRATING ABILITY:
    - ORIGINATE FROM:
  2. GAMMA:
    -TYPE RADIATION:
    -SIMILAR TO:
    - PENETRATING ABILITY:
    - ORIGINATE FROM:
A
  1. XRAY:
    -TYPE RADIATION: WAVE/RAY
    -SIMILAR TO: GAMMA
    - PENETRATING ABILITY: SHIELD BY LEAD
    - ORIGINATE FROM: MAN MADE IN TUBE
  2. GAMMA:
    -TYPE RADIATION: WAVE/RAY
    -SIMILAR TO: XRAY
    - PENETRATING ABILITY: SHIELD BY STEEL/LEAD
    - ORIGINATE FROM: NUCLUES OF RADIOACTIVE MATTER
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12
Q
  1. WHAT IS QUALITY FACTOR TELL YOU?
  2. RELATION TO ABOVE (INDIRECT OR DIRECT)
  3. Q.F FOR:
    A. XRAY
    B. GAMMA
    C. BETA
    D. ALPHA
    E. FAST NUETRON/PROTON:
A
  1. ABILITY FOR RADIATION TO DO DAMAGE
  2. DIRECT = HIGHER Q.F = HIGHER DAMAGE
    - LOWER Q.F = LOWER DAMAGE
  3. A. XRAY = 1
    B. GAMMA = 1
    C. BETA = 1
    D. ALPHA = 20
    E. FAST NUETRON/PROTON: 10
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13
Q

11 PROPERTIES OF XRAY:

A

SEE IMAGE
1. THINK THAT ITS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
2. XRAY HAVE VARYING WAVELENGTHS
3.XRAY HAS VARYING ENERGIES
4. STRAIGHT & DIVERGE
5. ELECTRICALLY NUETRAL
6. SPPED OF LIGHT (ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM)
7. PRODUCE SECONDARY RADIATION (THINK ABOUT SCATTER FROM PATIENT)
8. FLUORESCE (THINK OF THE BADGES)
9. EFFECT FILM (THINK OLD XRAYS WERE FILM)
10. THINK IONIZATION CHAMBERS
11. CAUSES DAMAGE

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14
Q
  1. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PHOTONS PASS THROUGH PATIENT WITHOUT INTERACTION?
    - WHAT OCCURS & WHAT % WITH REST:
A
  1. 5% NO INTERACTION
    -95% UNDERGO CLASSICAL, COMPTON OR PHOTOELECTRIC
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15
Q
  1. WHAT INTERACTION OCCURRED?
  2. KVP RANGES:
  3. RESULTS IN:
    - IONIZATION?
  4. HOW OFTEN OCCURS:
A
  1. COHERENT / CLASSICAL
  2. KVP RANGES: LESS 30 KVP
  3. RESULTS IN: EXCITATION OF ATOMS / X-RAY PHOTON OF EQUAL ENERGY EMITTED
    - IONIZATION: NONE (ONLY ONE WITH NO IONIZATION)
  4. HOW OFTEN OCCURS: LESS 5%

LOOK AT WAVE LENGTH OF ENTERING PHOTON,
THEN LOOK AT EXITING PHOTON ENERGY
THEN LOOK WHERE INTERACTION OCCURS

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16
Q
  1. WHAT INTERACTION OCCURRED?
  2. KVP RANGES:
  3. RESULTS IN:
    - IONIZATION?
  4. HOW OFTEN OCCURS:
  5. WHERE DOES THIS OCCUR?
A
  1. COMPTON SCATTER
  2. KVP RANGES: HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS
  3. RESULTS IN: SCATTER PHOTON THAT HAS LESS ENERGY THAN INCIDENT
    - IONIZATION OCCURS
  4. HOW OFTEN OCCURS: MOST OFTEN OCCURRING
  5. IN PATIENT - OCCURS WITH OUTTER SHELL ELECTRON
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17
Q
  1. WHAT INTERACTION OCCURRED?
  2. KVP RANGES:
  3. RESULTS IN:
    - IONIZATION?
  4. HOW OFTEN OCCURS:
  5. WHERE DOES THIS OCCUR?
A
  1. PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORBTION
  2. KVP RANGES: LOWER ENERGY
  3. RESULTS IN: CONTRAST ON IMAGE / ALL ENERGY ABSORBED BY ATOM
    - IONIZATION: YES
  4. N/A
  5. WHERE DOES THIS OCCUR:
    - HIGH ATOMIC #
    - INNER SHELL ELECTRON
    • INNER SHELL ELECTRON KNOCKED OUT, EMPTY SPACE CAUSES OUTER SHELL ELECTRON SHIFT INNER AND PRODUCES PHOTON FROM ATOM
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18
Q
  1. HOW DOES PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION PRODUCE AN X-RAY PHOTON?
  2. WHEN DOES PAIR PRODUCTION OCCUR?
    - ENERGY LEVELS:
  3. WHAT IS IMAGED? HOW DO YOU KNOW?
A
  1. INNER SHELL ELECTRON KNOCKED OUT, EMPTY SPACE CAUSES OUTER SHELL ELECTRON SHIFT INNER AND PRODUCES PHOTON FROM ATOM
  2. HAPPENS IN RADIATION THERAPY
    - ENERGY OF 1.022 mEv
    - HIGH ENERGY PHOTON NEAR NUCLEUS
  3. PAIR PRODUCTION
    - CAN TELL BY HIGH ENERGY PHOTON INTERACTING AT THE NUCLEUS
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19
Q
  1. WHEN DOES PHOTODISINTEGRATION OCCUR?
    - ENERGY LEVELS:
  2. WHAT IMAGE IS PICTURED? HOW DO YOU KNOW?
A
  1. RADIATION THERAPY
    - GREATER THAN 10 mEv
  2. PHOTODISINTEGRATION
    - HIGH ENERGY PHOTON INTERACTS WITH NUCLEUS & ABSORBS ALL ENERGY
    • NUETRON RELEASED
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20
Q
  1. ROENTGEN (R) TO COULOMBS / Kg
  2. What does Roentgen & Colombs express?
A
  1. 1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 c/kg
    - R x 2.58 x 10^-4 c/kg
    - C/kg / 2.58 x 10^-4
  2. Exposure in air
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21
Q
  1. RAD TO GRAY
  2. WHAT DO RAD/GRAY EXPRESS
A
  1. 1rad = 100 ergs
    • RAD x .01
    • Gy x 100
  2. Radiation Exposure Dose (Rad)
    Gray (Gy) = absorbed dose / patient dose
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22
Q
  1. Rem to Sieverts
  2. What does rem & Sv express?
A
  1. 1 Sv = 100 rem
    - rem x .01
    - Sv x 100
  2. Radiation equivalent dose & occupational exposure
    - biological dose
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23
Q
  1. Curie to Becqurel
  2. What do these express?
A
  1. 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10
  2. Radioactivity
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24
Q
  1. What does KERMA stand for?
  2. What does it express?
  3. SI Unit:
A
  1. Kinetic Energy Released in Matter
  2. Radiation delivered to specific point
    - entrance surface
  3. Gray (Gy)
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25
Q
  1. Which is better for limiting field size, Straight or Flared Cone?
  2. What type of cone size & length is best?
  3. What are beam restrictors?
A
  1. Straigth (flared is angled & diverges more)
  2. SMALLER DIAMETER & LONGER LENGTH = MORE FIELD LIMITED
  3. Cones, Apetures, Diaphragms & Collimators
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26
Q
  1. COLLIMATORS CONSIST OF:
  2. WHAT IS PURPOSE OF UPPER SHUTTER?
  3. MANUAL COLLIMATORS MUST BE WITHIN ___% ACCURACY
A
  1. LIGHT, UPPER & LOWER SHUTTERS
  2. REDUCE OFF FOCUS RADIATION LEAVING TUBE
  3. 2%
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27
Q
  1. AUTOMATIC COLLIMATORS MUST BE ACCURATE WITHIN ___% OF ______
  2. ALARA STANDS FOR:
  3. WHAT IS OFF-FOCUS RADIATION?
    - AKA
A
  1. 1-2% OF SID
  2. AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE
  3. ANY RADIATION NOT CREATED AT TARGET
    - STEM
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28
Q
  1. WHAT IS THE 10-DAY RULE?
  2. WHAT IS AN APETURE?
  3. MILLISIEVERTS TO SIEVERTS CONVERSION
    - SIEVERTS TO MILLISIEVERTS
A
  1. SAFEST TIME TO RADIATE CHILD-BEARING AGED WOMEN IS 10 DAYS AFTER ONSET OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
    (b/c then you know shes not pregnant)
  2. BEAM RESTRICTOR NOT USED ANYMORE
  3. 1 mSv = 0.001 Sv
    1 Sv = 1000 mSv
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29
Q
  1. BEST TECHNIQUE FOR PATIENT EXPOSURE:
    - WHY?
  2. WHICH GENERATOR TYPE IS BETTER?
    - WHY?
  3. WHERE IS INHERIT FILTRATION
A
  1. High kVp, Low mAs
    - HIGH KVP = BETTER PENETRATION / LESS ABSORPTION
    - LOW MAS = LESS PHOTONS
  2. THREE PHASE
    - LESS PATIENT EXPOSURE THAN SINGLR PHASE
    - CAN ALMOST 1/2 MAS
  3. BUILT IN:
    - GLASS ENVELOPE, WINDOW & INSULATING OIL OF TUBE HOUSING
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30
Q
  1. HOW MUCH IS INHERIT FILTRATION IN X-RAY?
  2. HOW MUCH ADDED FILTRATION IS NEEDED (IF ANY)?
  3. WHAT PATIENT POSITION PREFERRED?
    - WHY?
    - EXAMPLE:
A
  1. 0.5 mm Al
  2. 50-70 KVP = TOTAL 1.5 MM Al (so 1.0 added)
    - ABOVE 70 KVP = TOTAL 2.5 MM Al (so 2.0 added)
  3. PA PREFERRED
    - REDUCES GONADAL DOSE BY 90%
    - EX: SCOLIOSIS
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31
Q
  1. TYPES OF SHIELDING:
  2. HOW MUCH DOSE SHIELDING REDUCE GONADAL DOSE?
  3. WHEN TYPES OF SHIELDS USED:
A
  1. FLAT, CONTACT, SHADOW & BREAST
  2. MALE 95%
    - FEMALE 50%
  3. FLAT = MALE & FEMALE
  • SHAPED CONTACT = GONAD ON MALE LAYING OR STANDING AP PROJECTIONS ONLY**
  • FLURO : UNDER PATIENT B/C SOURCE OF RADIATION UNDER TABLE
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32
Q
  1. DO GRIDS EFFECT PATIENT DOSE? WHY?
    -WHEN USED?
  2. WHAT IS THE GRID RATIO?
    - EFFECT ON PATIENT DOSE?
  3. TYPES OF GRIDS:
A
  1. YES - INCREASE DOSE
    - BECAUSE INCREASING MAS TO COMPENSATE FOR GRIDS ABSORBING “DIAGNOSTIC PHOTONS”
    - PARTS MEASURING GREATER 10cm
  2. HEIGHT OF LEAD : DISTANCE BETWEEN
    (HIEGHT DIVIDED BY DISTANCE)
    - HIGHER GRID RATIO = MORE MAS = HIGHER DOSE
  3. STATIONARY
    BUCKEY: THESE MOVE (ABSORB MORE SCATTER)
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33
Q
  1. IS FLURO HIGHER OR LOWER EXPOSURE? WHY?
  2. WHAT FEATURES REDUCE EXPOSURE?
  3. BEST TECHNICAL FACTORS FOR FLURO:
A
  1. HIGHER B/C CONTINOUS EXPOSURE
  2. PULSED FLURO (FOOT PADDLE TO STOP/GO)
    - INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE (BEAM OFF WHY IMAGE IS BEING SCANNED)
    - LAST IMAGE HOLD - (STORES IMAGE FROM LAST FLURO)
  3. SAME XRAY- HIGH KVP, LOW MAS
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34
Q
  1. HOW DO FOLLOWING HELP REDUCE PATIENT EXPOSURE IN FLURO:
    A. PULSED FLURO
    B. INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE
    C. LAST IMAGE HOLD
  2. WHAT IS TIMER FOR IN FLURO?
    - DOES IT REDUCE EXPOSURE? HOW?
  3. IN FLURO, IS ENTRANCE OR EXIT EXPOSURE HIGHER?
A
  1. PULSED FLURO (FOOT PADDLE TO STOP/GO)
    - INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE (BEAM OFF WHY IMAGE IS BEING SCANNED)
    - LAST IMAGE HOLD - (STORES IMAGE FROM LAST FLURO)
  2. RECORD EXPOSURE TIME & AUDIBLE ALARM AT 5 MINUTES (300 SECONDS)
    - REDUCES EXPOSURE BY KEEPING TRACK OF TIME EXPOSED DOES NOT STOP EXPOSURE
  3. ENTRANCE HIGHER THAN EXIT
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35
Q
  1. STATIONARY FLURO USED IN FIXED FLURO EXAM, PATIENT IS PRONE - WHICH IS RECIEVING HIGHEST DOSE?
  2. FIXED VS PORTABLE FLURO:
  3. SSD FOR FIXED FLURO:
    SSD FOR PORTABLE FLURO:
A
  1. PRONE = FACE DOWN
    - FLURO = TUBE UNDER PATIENT
    THIS MEANS ANTERIOR SURFACE IS HIGHER EXPOSURE
  2. FIXED = FLURO ROOM
    PORTABLE = C-ARM / OR
  3. FIXED = 15in (38 cm)
    PORTABLE 12in (30cm)
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36
Q
  1. WHERE IS DESIRED TUBE / IMAGE INTENSIFIER IN FLURO/C-ARM CASES FOR REDUCED PATIENT EXPOSURE:
  2. PRIMARY CONCERN FOR PERSONNEL?
    - WHERE IS THIS THE MOST?
  3. IN FLURO, IS THE IMAGE INTESNIFIER A BARRIER?
A
  1. TUBE UNDER & FURTHER FROM PATIENT
    - IMAGE INTENSIFIER OVER PATIENT & CLOSER TO PT
    (TUBE FURTHER FROM PATIENT = CLOSER IMAGE INTENSIFIER B/C ATTACHED)
  2. SCATTER
    - FLURO, PORTABLES & OR
  3. 2mm LEAD in IMAGE INTENSIFIER ACTS AS PRIMARY BARRIER
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37
Q
  1. PRIMARY BARRIER
    - LOCATED:
    - MADE OF:
    - EXAMPLES:
  2. SECONDARY BARRIER
    - LOCATED:
    - MADE OF:
    - EXAMPLES:
  3. THICKNESS BASED ON:
A
  1. PRIMARY BARRIER
    - LOCATED: Primary Beam Directed At
    - MADE OF: 1/16in (.16cm), From Floors to 7 Feet Up
    - EXAMPLES: Fluro Image Intensifier, Floor & Walls (where table/ buckey are)
  2. SECONDARY BARRIER
    - LOCATED: Primary Beam Parallel To (where scatter & leakage hits NOT prime beam)
    - MADE OF: 1/32 IN (.08CM), FLOOR TO CEILING
    • OVERLAP 1/2in (1.25cm)
      - EXAMPLES: Ceiling
  3. Distance (Source to Barrier)
    - Occupancy (Controlled/ Uncontrolled)
    - Workload (# & Type exams)
    - Use (Beam Direction)
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38
Q
  1. WITH BARRIER THICKNESS,
    A. WHAT IS CONTROLLED VS UNCONTROLLED OCCUPANCY?
    B. WHAT IS WORKLOAD?
    C. WHAT IS USE FACTOR?
  2. WHAT TYPE OF SWITCH IS FLURO?
  3. PROPER PLACE TO STAND IN FLURO:
A
  1. A. Controlled: Anyone being monitored
    - Uncontrolled Area: general public
    B. Workload = # exams per day & type exams (fluro/reg. x-ray, etc..)
    C. Use Factor is where beam is directed (PRIMARY VS SECONDARY)
  2. DEAD-MAN
  3. 90* ANGLE FROM PATIENT/TABLE & BEHIND RADIOLOGIST
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39
Q
  1. DOES FLURO TIMER HELP PATIENT DOSE OR OCCUPATIONAL DOSE?
  2. WITH FLURO, WHEN ENTERING/EXITING ROOM, WHAT IS IMPORTANT?
  3. PORTABLE CORD LENGTH:
    - FIXED CORD LENGTH:
A
  1. BOTH
  2. NEVER TURN BACK TO PATIENT / NOT COVERED BY LEAD SHIELD
  3. 6 FOOT CORD (72in, 180cm, 2 meters)
    - No more than 18in (45cm)
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40
Q
  1. WHO WEARS SHIELD ON PORTABLE?
  2. WHERE IS LEAST AMOUNT SCATTER?
  3. WHO CAN & CAN NOT HOLD PATIENTS?
A
  1. TECH, PATIENT & NEARBY PEOPLE WHO CAN NOT MOVE 6 FEET AWAY
  2. 90* ANGLE FROM PATIENT
  3. MALE OVER FEMALE
    - NON-OCCUPATIONAL WORKERS
    - NON-CHILDBEARING AGE

LAST PERSON TO HOLD IS OCCUPATIONAL WORKER

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41
Q
  1. IN C-ARM FLURO: WHAT IS GREATEST RISK TO WORKER?
  2. WHERE DO YOU STAND IN C-ARM?
  3. WHAT SHIELDING IN C-ARM?
  4. WHEN IS TIMER SET TO START?
A
  1. SCATTER
  2. 90* ANGLE FROM PATIENT & FURTHEST DISTANCE POSSIBLE
  3. FULL LEAD SHIELD FOR WORKERS, SHADOW SHIELD FOR PATIENT
  4. START OF EXAM / MEASURE ON TIME FOR EXAM
42
Q
  1. BEST TUBE / II SET UP FOR PATIENT EXPOSURE IN C-ARM:
    - FOR WORKERS:
  2. IS DOSE GREATER AT ENTRANCE OR EXIT?
  3. WHERE IS MORE SCATTER EMITTED?
    - LEAST?
A
  1. II CLOSE TO PATIENT, TUBE FURTHER FROM PATIENT REDUCES BOTH PATIENT & WORKER EXPOSURE
    (Image Intensifier is more efficient as a primary 2mm Lead barrier)
  2. ENTRANCE MORE THAN EXIT DOSE
  3. FROM ENTRANCE SURFACE (X-RAY TUBE SIDE OF PATIENT)
    - LEAST ON EXIT SURFACE (IMAGE INTENSIFIER SIDE)
43
Q
  1. TUBE / IMAGE INTENSIFIER LOCATION IN FIXED VS PORTABLE FLURO:
  2. TYPES OF RADIATION MONITORS:
A
  1. FIXED (FLURO ROOM) = TUBE UNDER PATIENT & II OVER
    - PORTABLE C-ARM = TUBE OVER PATIENT & II UNDER PATIENT
  2. FILM BADGE, TLD, OSL & IONIZATION CHAMBER
44
Q
  1. FILM BADGE
    - A. SENSING MATERIAL:
    - B. MATERIAL USED:
    - C. WHERE WORN:
    - D. DETECTING CAPABILITIES:
    - E. LENGTH TIME WORN:
    - F. RECORD?:
  2. THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER
    - A. SENSING MATERIAL:
    - B. MATERIAL USED:
    - C. HOW READ:
    - D. DETECTING CAPABILITIES:
    - E. LENGTH TIME WORN:
    - F. RECORDS:
A
  1. FILM:
    A: FILM
    B. ALUMINUM & COPPER FILTERS
    C. COLLAR LEVEL (UNLESS PREGNANT)
    D. 10 mrem (DOESNT READ BELOW 10)
    E. 1-4 MONTHS
    F. PROVIDES LEGAL REPORT
  2. TLD:
    - A. LITHIUM FLUROIDE CRYSTALS
    - B. NO FILTERS
    - C. HEATED CRYSTALS EMIT LIGHT
    - D. N/A
    - E. UP TO 3 MONTHS
    - F. NO PERMENANT RECORD
45
Q
  1. OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETER
    - A. SENSING MATERIAL:
    - B. MATERIAL USED:
    - C. HOW READ:
    - D. RECORD?:
    - E. DETECTING CAPABILITIES:
    - F. LENGTH TIME WORN:
  2. POCKET IONIZATION CHAMBER
    - A. SENSING MATERIAL:
    - B. MATERIAL USED:
    - C. HOW READ:
    - D. RECORD?:
    - E. DETECTING CAPABILITIES:
    - F. LENGTH TIME WORN:
A
  1. OSL:
    A. ALUMINUM OXIDE RECORDS IMAGE
    B. ALUMINUM, COPPER & TIN FILTERS
    C. LASER SCANS OVER & EMITS LIGHT
    D. PERMANENT RECORD OF EXPOSURE
    E. AS LOW AS 1 mrem
    F. 3 MONTHS
    *MORE SENSITIVE / RECORD LOWER DOSES THAN FILM BADGE)
  2. POCET IONIZATION CHAMBER:
    - A. GAS CHAMBER
    - B. NO FILTERS
    - C. IMMEDIATE READ
    - D. NO PERMANENT RECORD
    - E. MOST SENSITIVE (0 & HIGHER)
    - F. N/A
46
Q
  1. WHICH MONITORING DEVICES PROVIDE PERMANENT RECORD?
  2. WHICH IS MOST SENSITIVE MONITOR?
  3. WHERE FETAL BADGE WORN?
A
  1. OSL & FILM
  2. POCKET IONIZATION
  3. WAIST LEVEL UNDER LEAD APRON
47
Q
  1. ORGANIZE LEAST SENSITIVE MONITOR TO MOST SENSITIVE MONITOR:
  2. DO MONITORS/DOSIMETERS REDUCE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE?
  3. WHAT ARE THE FIELD SURVEY INSTRUMENT TYPES?
A
  1. FILM BADGE (LEAST)
    TLD
    OSL
    POCKET (MOST)
  2. NO - ONLY RECORDS EXPOSURE
  3. IONIZATION CHAMBER & GEIGER MUELLER COUNTER
48
Q
  1. IONIZATION CHAMBER
    - A. MEAUSRES:
    - B. HOW WORKS:
    - C. EXAMPLE:
  2. GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTER
    - A. MEASURES:
    - B. USED IN:
A
  1. IONIZATION CHAMBER
    -A. EXPOSURE IN AIR
    • LEAKAGE RADIATION
      - TUBE OUTPUT
      - B. GAS CHAMBER IS IONIZED
      - C. EXAMPLE: CUTIE PIE
    1. GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTER
      - A. DETECTION FOR RADIOACTIVE MATTER NOT MEASURE
      - B. USED IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE
49
Q
  1. WHAT DO DOSE RESPONSE CURVES LOOK AT?
  2. DEFINE:
    - A. LINEAR:
    - B. NONLINEAR:
    - C. THRESHOLD:
    - D. NONTHRESHOLD:
  3. Describe Curves in Image:
    - Which is X-Ray?
A
  1. DOSE & EFFECT
  2. RESPONSES
    - A. LINEAR: DOSE & RESPONSE DIRECT PROPORTIONAL
    (dose increase, biological effect increase)
    - B. NONLINEAR: DOSE & RESPONSE NOT PROPORTIONAL
    (dose increase, doesnt nec. mean effect increased)
    - C. THRESHOLD: SAFE DOSE BELOW THRESHOLD
    (wont see effect below dose)
    - D. NONTHRESHOLD: NO SAFE DOSE
    (ANY dose will have effects)
    • A = LINEAR, NONTHRESHOLD (cancer)
      - B = LINEAR, NONTHRESHOLD X_RAY
      - C = LINEAR, THRESHOLD
      - D = NONLINEAR, THRESHOLD
50
Q
  1. WHICH DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE REPERSENTS CANCER & GENETIC EFFECTS?
  2. WHICH DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE REPERSENTS BREAST CANCER & LEUKEMIA?
  3. WHICH DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE REPERSENTS SKIN ERETHYMA & CATARACTS?
  4. WHAT IS SIGMOID?
    - WHAT DOSE IT LOOK LIKE?
A
  1. LINEAR NONTHRESHOLD
  2. LINEAR QUADRATIC
  3. LINEAR THRESHOLD
  4. RADIATION THERAPY
    - S CURVE
51
Q
  1. WHAT IS ABSORBED DOSE?
    - MEASURED IN
  2. WHAT IS DOSE EQUIVALENT?
    - MEASURED IN
A
  1. ENERGY TRANSFERRED TO TISSUE
    - rad
  2. ABSORBED DOSE X QUALITY FACTOR
    - Sv or rem
52
Q
  1. WHAT IS RADIATION WEIGHING FACTOR?
  2. WHAY IS EFFECTIVE DOSE?
A
  1. SAME AS QUALITY FACTOR
  2. ABSORBED DOSE X QF X TISSUE WEIGHING FACTOR
    OR: DE X TISSUE WEIGHING FACTOR
53
Q
  1. WHAT IS DOUBLING DOSE?
  2. WHAT IS GENETICALLY SIGNIFCANT DOSE?
    - IN US:
  3. WHAT IS MOST SPECIFIC TERM RELATED TO DOSE?
A
  1. DOSE WOULD PRODUCE TWICE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT
  2. AVERAGE ANNUAL GONADAL DOSE EQUIVALENT TO MEMBERS OF GENERAL PUBLIC
    - 20 mrem
  3. EFFECTIVE DOSE (ED)
54
Q
  1. WHAT TERMS RELATE TO DOSE:
  2. HOW CAN AMOUNT OF RADIATION RECEIVED BE SPECIFIED:
  3. FRACTIONATION VS PROTRACTION:
    - WHICH BETTER FOR PATIENT?
A
  1. ABSORBED, DOSE EQUIVALENT & EFFECTIVE DOSE
    - DOUBLING DOSE & GSD
  2. ENTRANCE SKIN EXPOSURE (ESE), SKIN DOSE, GONADAL DOSE, BONE MARROW DOSE
  3. FRACTIONATION: EQUAL DOSES GIVEN WITH SET INTERVALS
    - PROTRACTION: DOSE DELIVERED CONTINOUSLY BUT LOWER DOSE RATE

FRACTIONATION BETTER B/C ALLOW RECOVERY

55
Q
  1. WHICH IS BETTER, EQUAL DOSES GIVEN IN INTERVALS, OR DOSE DELIVERED CONSECUTIVE DAYS BUT AT LOWER DOSE RATE?
    • WHAT IS IT REFERRED TO AS?
  2. WHAT IS RELATION TO LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER & RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS?
  3. WHAT DOSE IS HIGHER, ENTRANCE SKIN EXPOSURE OR BONE MARROW DOSE?
A
  1. EQUAL DOSE IN INTERVALS (FRACTIONATION) IS BETTER
    - OTHER IS KNOWN AS PROTRACTION
  2. DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL - AS LET INCREASES, CAUSES AN INCREASE IN BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE (AKA RBE)
  3. ESE ALWAYS GREATER
56
Q
  1. LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER
    - UNIT OF MEASURE:
    - WHAT DOSE IT MEASURE:
    - X-RAYS:
  2. WHAT IS ALPHA PARTICLE LET?
  3. WHAT IS RBE?
A
  1. LET
    - KeV/um
    - AMOUNT ENERGY TRANSFERRED TO TISSUE
    - 3 KeV, LOW
  2. HIGH LET, 100 KeV (DONT PENETRATE BODY)
  3. RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS COMPARES DOSE OF TEST RADIATION TO 250 KeV of X-RAY
57
Q
  1. WHEN DOES DIRECT EFFECTS OCCUR?
  2. WHEN DO INDIRECT EFFECTS OCCUR?
  3. WHICH OCCURS MORE & WHY?
A
  1. X-RAY PHOTONS DIRECTLY HIT DNA, RNA & PROTEINS IN BODY
  2. XRAY PHOTON HITS WATER MOLECULE IN BODY AND EFFECTS OCCUR ELSEWHERE?
  3. INDIRECT - 95% BC RADILYSIS OF WATER
58
Q
  1. WHAT OCCURS IN RADIOLYSIS OF WATER?
  2. WHAT IS BYPRODUCT FROM ABOVE?
  3. WHAT IS MASTER MOLECULE?
A
  1. X-RAY PHOTON HITS WATER MOLECULES AND IONIZES - BREAKING DOWN INTO FREE RADICALS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH BODY / CAUSES DAMAGE
  2. HYDROXYL & HYDROGEN, FREE ELECTRONS & HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
  3. DNA
59
Q
  1. WHAT PERCENT OF INDIRECT EFFECTS OCCUR IN BODY?
  2. WHAT IS TARGET THEORY STATE?
A
  1. 95%
  2. DNA IS MASTER MOLECULE AND IS TARGET OF EVERY CELL B/C DNA TELLS CELL WHAT TO DO/GUIDES CELL FUNCTION
60
Q
  1. EXPLAIN SINGLE STRAND BREAK POINT MUTATION
    - WHERE IS DAMAGE
    - OCCURS WHEN
    - REPAIRABLE?
  2. DOUBLE STRAND BREAK - FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
    - WHERE IS DAMAGE
    - OCCURS WHEN
    - WHAT DOES IT
    - REPAIRABLE?
A
    • SINGLE ISOLATED BREAK ALONG SUGAR–PHOSPHATE CHAIN
      - LOW LET RADIATION
      - EASILY REPAIRED BY ENZYMES
  2. FRAMESHIFT
    - WIDELY SPACED BREAKS IN SAME SUGAR-PHOSPHATE CHAIN AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
    - ONE BREAK IN EACH SUGAR-PHOSPHATE CHAIN AT DIFFERENT LEVELS/RUNGS/STEPS
    - PORTION CAN BE REPAIRED / NOT EASILY
61
Q
  1. DOUBLE STRAND BREAK
    - WHERE IS DAMAGE
    - REPAIRABLE?
  2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOUBLE STRAND BREAK & DOUBLE STRAND BREAK - FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
  3. WHICH BREAK (SINGLE, DBLE, FRAME) IS MOST DAMAGING TO DNA / WHY:
A
  1. DNA DOUBLE STRAND
    - BREAK IN BOTH SUGAR-PHOSPHATE CHAIN ON SAME RUNG OF DNA
    - SPLITTING OF DNA CAUSES BREAK IN CHROMOSOME
    - NO REPAIR / MAY NOT BE ABLE TO REPLICATE
  2. DOUBLE STRAND ARE ON SAME RUNG/LEVEL
    - FRAMESHIFT BREAKS ARE ON DIFFERENT RUNG/LEVELS
  3. DOUBLE STRAND BREAK ON SAME LEVEL BECAUSE WHEN SPLITS IN 2 PIECES THEY CAN NOT FUNCTION
    - WHEN REPLICATED, IT WILL REPLICATED JUMBLED INFO
62
Q
  1. WHAT CAUSES DNA MUTATION?
  2. WHAT ARE THE DNA BASE PAIRS:
  3. WHAT IS CROSS LINKING?
A
  1. NITROGENOUS BASE CHANGES & CROSS LINKING
  2. adenine (A) - thymine (T)
    cytosine (C) - guanine (G)
  3. WHEN ABOVE MISSPAIR/T ISNT WITH A, ETC…
63
Q
  1. WHAT CONSIST OF CHROMOSOMES
    • TYPES:
  2. WHAT ARE TWO TYPES OF SINGLE BREAK OCCUR IN CHROMOSOMES
  3. WHICH EFFECT OF CHROMOSOME RESULTS IN ACENTRIC FRAGMENT?
A
  1. SHORT ARM, LONG ARM, CENTROMERE
    - DUPLICATED & UNDUPLICATED(CHROMATID)
  2. RESTITUTION & DELETION
  3. DELETION
64
Q
  1. EXPLAIN RESTITUTION IN CHROMSOME
    - IS IT SINGLE OR DOUBLE BREAK
    - DAMAGE?
    - RESULTS IN:
  2. EXPLAIN DELETION IN CHROMSOME
    - IS IT SINGLE OR DOUBLE BREAK
    - DAMAGE?
    - RESULTS IN:
  3. WHAT ARE TYPES OF DOUBLE STRAND BREAKS IN CHROMOSOME?
A
  1. BREAK OFF AND REATTACH IN SAME SPOT
    - SINGLE
    - NO PERMANENT DAMAGE TO CHROMOSOME
    - NO REARRANGING
  2. BREAK OFF AND DETACHED
    - SINGLE
    - DAMAGE OCCUR
    - ACENTRIC FRAGMENT PRODUCED
  3. BROKEN END ARRANGEMENTS IN ONE OR TWO CHROMSOMES
65
Q
  1. BROKEN END REARRANGEMENT IN ONE CHROMOSOME
    - RESULTS IN:
    A.
    B.
    - SINGLE OR DOUBLE BREAK
  2. CAN THESE CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE? DEATH?
  3. WHAT IS TRANSLOCATION
A
  1. BROKEN END CAN REARRANGE/FLIP AND EITHER
    A. REATTACH FLIPPED ( APPEAR SAME BUT GENETIC INFO SWAPPED, CAN REPLICATE WITH MESSED UP INFO)

B. NEVER REATTACH AND ATTACH TO EACH OTHER (RING APPEARANCE - CANT REPLICATE)

  • DOUBLE
  1. CAUSES DAMAGE, CAN CAUSE DEATH
  2. TWO CHROMSOMES DOUBLE BREAK
66
Q
  1. WHAT DOES BROKEN END REARRANGEMENT IN TWO CHROMOSOMES RESULT IN?
  2. WHY IS THIS BAD?
A
  1. 2 CHROMOSOMES BREAK AND ATTACH TO OTHER
  2. WHEN REPLICATE, MORE CELLS HAVE WRONG INFO
67
Q
  1. STOCHASTIC
    - AKA:
    - OCCURS WHEN:
    - SEVERITY:
    - DOSE RESPONSE CURVE:
    - EARLY OR LATE:
    - EXAMPLES:
A
  1. STOCHASTIC
    - PROBABILISTIC
    - ARBITRARY (RANDOM)
    - SEVERE NOT DOSE RELATED
    - PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE INCREASES AS DOSE INCREASES (NOT SEVERITY OF EFFECT)
    - LINEAR, NONTHRESHOLD DOSE RESPONSE (SMALLEST AMOUNT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CANCER)
    - EX: CANCER, GENETIC MUTATION
68
Q
  1. NONSTOCHASTIC EFFECTS:
    - AKA:
    - OCCURS WHEN:
    - SEVERITY:
    - DOSE RESPONSE CURVE:
    - EARLY OR LATE:
    - EXAMPLES:
A
  1. NONSTOCHASTIC
    - DETERMINISTIC
    - CERTAIN
    - SEVERITY OF EFFECT INCREASE AS DOSE INCREASE (THINK ERYTHEMA)
    - LINEAR, THRESHOLD DOSE RESPONSE
    - EARLY OR LATE EFFECTS
    - EXAMPLES: CATARACTS (200), ERYTHEMA, EPILATION, EPISTAXIS, STERILITY)
69
Q
  1. WHAT IS LD 50/30?
  2. DOSE FOR LD 50/30
    - LD 50/60
    - LD 100
A
  1. DOSE WHICH 50% POPULATION WILL DIE IN 30 DAYS
  2. DOSES:
    - LD 50/30 - 300 rad
    - LD 50/60 - 350 rad
    - LD 100 - 1000 rad
70
Q
  1. WHAT DOSE RESPONSE CURVE IS CATARACTS?
  2. WHAT BIOLOGICAL EFFECT IS CANCER?
  3. WHAT DOES LAW OF BERGONIE & TRIBONDAEU STATE
A
  1. LINEAR, THRESHOLD (CATARACTS AT 200)
  2. STOCHASTIC / PROBABILISTIC
  3. RADIOSENSITIVTY RELATED TO REPRODUCTIVE RATE & SPECIALIZATION
    GREATER IN:
    - IMMATURE, NON-SPECIALIZED & RAPID DIVIDING
71
Q
  1. THIS CHART SHOWS:
  2. VERTICAL AXIS REPRESENTS:
  3. HORIZONTAL AXIS REPRESENTS:
A
  1. LD 50/30
  2. VERT = LETHALITY
  3. HORIZONTAL = DOSE
72
Q

CELL STRUCTURE
1. FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA:
2. FUNCTION OF LYSOSOMES:
3. FUNCTION OF NUCLEUS:
4. WHERE IS DNA LOCATED IN CELL?
- RNA?

A
  1. MITOCHANDIRA = REPAIR ENZYMES
  2. LYSOME = KILL CELL (THINK LYSOLE)
  3. NUCLEUS = BRAIN OF CELL / CONTROLLING
  4. DNA & RNA LOCATED IN NUCLEUS
73
Q

MITOTIC CELL DIVISION
A. STARTS WITH:
B. ENDS WITH
C. PHASES:
D. IRRADIATION EFFECTS:
E. SEEN IN:

A

A. 1 PARENT CELL
B. 2 DAUGHTER CELLS IDENTICAL TO PARENT
C. 5 Phases:
Interphase - Chromosomes Replicate
Prophase
Metaphase – Most radiosensitive
Anaphase
Telophase

D. CHEMICALS ALTERED
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SLOWS DOWN
- DNA SYNTHESIS SLOWS DOWN

E. EFFECTS SEEN IN IRRADIATED INDIVIDUAL

74
Q

MEIOTIC CELL DIVISION
A. STARTS WITH:
B. ENDS WITH
C. PHASES:
D. IRRADIATION EFFECTS:
E. SEEN IN:

A

A. 1 PARENT CELL
B. 2 DAUGHTER CELLS WITH 1/2 NUMBER CHROMOSOMES AS PARENT
C. 5 Phases: (Same as Mitotic)
Interphase - Chromosomes DO NOT Replicate
Prophase
Metaphase – Most radiosensitive
Anaphase
Telophase

D/E. EFFECTS SEEN IN IRRADIATED INDIVIDUAL OFFSPRING

75
Q
  1. KEY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MITOTIC & MEIOTIC CELL DIVISION:
  2. WHAT IS APOPTOSIS?
  3. MOST RADIOSENSITIVE PHASE CELL DIVISION?
A
  1. DURING INTERPHASE, MITOTIC CELLS REPLICATE, MEIOTIC CELLS DONT REPLICATE
  2. CELL DIES DURING INTERPHASE
  3. METAPHASE
76
Q
  1. MAJORITY BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OCCUR:
  2. INSTANT DEATH OCCURS AT:
  3. WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE DEATH?
    - EXPOSURE LEVEL:
A
  1. CELLULAR LEVEL
  2. 100Gy IN PERIOD OF SECONDS
  3. CELL SURVIVES DAMAGE BUT DOES NOT REPRODUCE (CELL DAMAGE NOT PASSED ON)
    - 1-10Gy
77
Q
  1. WHAT IS GENETIC DEATH?
  2. WHAT IS MITOTIC DELAY?
  3. WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN CELL FUNCTION IS TEMPORARILY DISRUPTED?
A
  1. MITOTIC/GENETIC DEATH WHEN CELL CONTINUES THROUGH ONE MORE PHASE & DIES
  2. DELAY IN MITOTIC CELL DIVISION
  3. INTERFERENCE OF FUNCTION
78
Q
  1. SHORT TERM EFFECTS AKA:
    2 LONG TERM EFFECTS AKA:
  2. SHORT TERM EFFECTS OCCUR WHEN:
    -SEEN WHEN:
  3. LONG TERM EFFECTS OCCUR WHEN:
    -SEEN WHEN:
A
  1. SHORT TERM / EARLY / ACUTE
  2. LONG TERM / LATE / CHROIC
  3. LARGE AMOUNT RADIATION SHORT PERIOD OF TIME
    - EFFECTS SEEN IN DAYS/HOURS/WEEK OF EXPOSURE
  4. LARGE DOSE IN SHORT PERIOD OF TIME OR SHORT DOSES OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME
    - SEEN YEARS LATER
79
Q

WHICH IS WORSE SHORT TERM/EARLY/ACUTE OR LONG TERM/LATE CHRONIC EFFECTS?

  1. WHAT IS ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME?
  2. MOST RADIOSENSITIVE CELLS OF ALL:
  3. MOST RADIOSENSITIVE OF GI TRACT:
A
  1. ACUTE/SHORT TERM
  2. GO THROUGH
  3. LYMPHOCYTES
  4. SMALL INTESTINE (INTESTINAL CRYPT CELLS)
80
Q
  1. EARLY EFFECTS
    A. OCCURS WHEN:
    B. RESULTS IN:
    C. AKA:
A
  1. C. ACUTE / SHORT TERM

A. SHORT TERM WITHIN SHORT TIME
- LARGE AMOUNTS OF RADIATION

B. Hematopoietic: (1 – 10Gy)
Death or recovery within 3 – 6 weeks
Most radiosensitive cells of all - lymphocytes

  • Gastrointestinal: (>6Gy)-
    small intestine (intestinal crypt cells)
    Death in a week without treatment
  • Central Nervous System: (>50Gy)
    Least radiosensitive
    Death within hours/days
81
Q
  1. Hematopoietic:
    A. DOSE RANGE:
    B. Death or recovery?
    C. TYPE EFFECT:
  2. Gastrointestinal:
    A. DOSE RANGE:
    B. Death or recovery?
    C. TYPE EFFECT:
  3. Central Nervous System:
    A. DOSE RANGE:
    B. Death or recovery?
    C. TYPE EFFECT:
A
  1. Hematopoietic: (1 – 10Gy)
    Death or recovery within 3 – 6 weeks
    Most radiosensitive cells of all - lymphocytes
  2. Gastrointestinal: (>6Gy)-
    small intestine (intestinal crypt cells)
    Death in a week without treatment
  3. Central Nervous System: (>50Gy)
    Least radiosensitive
    Death within hours/days

ALL SHORT TERM / EARLY EFFECTS

82
Q
  1. STAGES OF ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME:
  2. WHICH IS “ASYMPTOMATIC” STAGE
  3. WHICH IS INITIAL SYMPTOMS SEEN?
  4. WHICH ARE MILD SYMPTOMS SEEN?
  5. WHICH IS MOST SEVERE SYMPTOMS?
A
  1. PRODROMAL, LATENT, MANIFEST, RECOVERY OR DEATH
  2. LATENT
  3. PRODROMAL
  4. PRODROMAL
  5. MANIFEST
83
Q

STAGE OF ARS:
1. PRODROMAL:
- OCCURS:
- DOSE:
2. LATENT:
- OCCURS:
3. MANIFEST:
- WHAT OCCURS:
4. RECOVERY/DEATH:
- WHAT OCCURS:

A
  1. PRO: WITHIN HOURS OF WHOLE BODY ABSORBED DOSE
    - 1 Gy (100RAD) +
  2. LATENT LAST ABOUT WEEK / NO SXS
  3. MANIFEST WIDE / SEVERE SXS OCCUR
  4. RECOVERY/DEATH:
    - DEPEND ON DAMAGE DONE - RECOVER OR DIES
84
Q

LATE EFFECTS
A. SEEN:
B. EXAMPLES:
C. EFFECTS:

A

A. YEARS AFTER EXPOSURE
B. LEUKEMIA, CANCER( BONE, LUNG, THYROID & BREAST)
C. GENETIC EFFECTS

85
Q
  1. MOST RADIOSENSITIVE PART OF EYE:
  2. DOSES FOR CATARACTS:
  3. SUPER LETHAL DOSE:
    - SUB LETHAL DOSE:
A
  1. LENS
  2. 200 rad = ONE DOSE
    B. 1000 rad = FRACTIONED
  3. SUPER = 600-1000rad
    - SUB= 200-300rad
86
Q

GONADAL EFFECTS & DOSES
1. TESTES
10 rad =
200 - 250 rad =
500 - 600 rad =

  1. OVARIES
    10 rad =
    200 rad =
    500 - 625 rad =
A
  1. TESTES
    10 rad = reduced sperm count
    200 - 250 rad = temp sterility
    500 - 600 rad = permanent sterility
  2. OVARIES
    10 rad = suppressed menstruation
    200 rad = temp. sterility
    500 - 625 rad = perm. sterility
87
Q
  1. WHEN DOES FETAL RADIOSENSITIVITY DECREASE?
  2. IRRADIATION OF EMBRYO OFF ______ RESULTS IN DEATH OR ABNORMALITIES
  3. IF PREGNANT WOMAN IS RADIATED AND FETUS HAS ABNORMALITY, IS THIS SOMATIC OR GENETIC EFFECT?
A
  1. SECOND AND THIRD
  2. > 200 mSv
  3. SOMATIC !! B/C PREGNANT AND FETUS RECIEVED RADIATION ITSELF - IT IS INDIVIDUAL SEEING EFFFECTS
    - GENETIC WOULD BE IF GENES WERE PASSED DOWN TO FETUS AFTER RADIATION
88
Q
  1. What dose causes temporary sterility?
    - permanent?
  2. What dose causes reduced sperm count?
  3. What dose causes suppressed menstruation?
A
  1. 200 rad
  2. 10 rad
  3. 10 rad
89
Q
  1. WHAT DOSE WOULD CAUSE EMBRYOLOGIC DEATH?
    - WHICH TRIMESTER?
  2. WHAT IS ORGANOGENESIS?
    - WHAT OCCURS IF IRRADIATED?
  3. ARE NERVE CELLS RADIOSENSITIVE?
A
  1. 0.05 - 0.15 Gy (5-15 rad)
    - PREIMPLANTATION OF FIRST TRIMESTER
  2. ORGAN BEGIN TO FORM / ONLY TIME NERVE CELLS ARE RADIOSENSITIVE
    - CAUSE DEFORMITIES, MICROCEPHALY, RETARDATION
  3. NO!!
    - ONLY TIME RADIOSENSITIVE IS DURING ORGOGENISS OF FIRST TRIMESTER
90
Q

DOSE EQUIVALENCE & BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS:
A. Blood Changes:
B. Nausea, Diarrhea:
C. Erythema:
D. Temporary Sterility:
E. 50% Chance Death:
F. Death:

A

A. .25 Sv ( 25rem) – Blood changes

B. 1.5 Sv (150 rem) – Nausea, diarrhea

C. 2.0 – 6.0 Sv (200-600rem)- Erythema

D. 2.5 Sv (250 rem) – Temporary sterility

E. 3.0 Sv (300 rem) – 50% chance of death

F. 6.0 Sv (600 rem) - Death

91
Q
  1. WHAT DOSE CAUSES ERYTHEMA?
  2. WHAT DOSE CAUSES NAUSEA & DIARRHEA?
  3. WHAT DOSE CAUSES DEATH?
A
  1. 2.0 - 6.0 Sv
  2. 1.5 Sv
  3. 6.0 Sv
92
Q
  1. WHAT IS AMOUNT ENERGY DEPOSITED DURING IRRADIATION?
  2. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION ARE SEEN WHEN DAMAGE TAKES PLACE AT WHAT LEVEL?
    A. CELLULAR B. MOLECULAR C. ATOMIC
    D. A & B E. ALL ABOVE
  3. ARE LET AND QUALITY FACTORS RELATED?
A
  1. LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER (LET)
  2. CELLULAR LEVEL
  3. DIRECTLY RELATED
    - INCREASE LET, INCREASE Q.F.
93
Q
  1. EXAMPLE OF LATE SOMATIC EFFECT OF IRRADIATION IS:
    A. BURNS. B. LUNG CANCER. C. EPILATION.
    D. ERYTHEMA. E. MORE THAN ONE BUT NOT ALL
  2. WHAT IS A DIFFERENTIATION IN CELL MEAN?
    - WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
  3. MOBILE SSD:
A
  1. B. LUNG CANCER
  2. IT IS HIGH SPECIALIZED / NOT RADIOSENSITIVE
  3. 30 cm (12 in)
94
Q
  1. RECOMMENDED LEAD APRON EQUIVALENT:
  2. TO REDUCE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE, mA DURING FLURO SHOULD NOT EXCEED:
  3. WHAT DOSE CAUSES ABNORMALITIES OR DEATH IN EMBRYO?
A
  1. 0.5 mm
  2. 5 mA
  3. GREATER THAN 200 mSv
95
Q
  1. IN FLURO, THE DRAPE LEAD EQUIVALENCY SHOULD BE AT LEAST:
  2. IN FLURO, THE BUCKEY SLOT COVER LEAD EQUIVALENCY SHOULD BE AT LEAST:
  3. WHAT DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE MOST FREQUENTLY PREDICTS BREAST CANCER?
A
  1. 0.25 mm Pb
  2. 0.50 mm Pb
  3. LINEAR QUADRATIC, NONTHRESHOLD
96
Q
  1. DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY HAS _____ ENERGY & ______ LET
  2. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE IS EXPRESSED IN:
  3. WHEN SCHEDULING A WOMEN OF CHILD-BEARING AGE, IT SHOULD BE ________ THEIR MENSTRUAL CYCLE.
A
  1. HIGH ENERGY, LOW LET
  2. SIEVERTS
  3. FIRST 3RD
97
Q
  1. WHY DOES PLACING THE II TUBE ABOVE PATIENT REDUCE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE?
  2. GLASS IN CONTROL BOOTH CONSIST OF ______ EQUIVALENCY
  3. PREGNANT TECHNOLOGIST SHOULD NOT EXCEED _____ DOSE PER MONTH.
A
  1. ESE IS HIGHER ON POSTERIOR SURFACE OF PATIENT
    - II IS PRIMARY BARRIER (2 mm LEAD EQUIVALENCY)
  2. 1.5 mm LEAD
  3. 0.5 mSv
98
Q
  1. WHAT DESCRIBES TYPE AND NUMBER EXAMS PERFORMED IN X-RAY ROOM?
    A. WORKLOAD FACTOR B. ATTENUATION FACTOR
    C. USE FACTOR. D. OCCUPANCY FACTOR
  2. EXPOSURE RATE AT TABLETOP IN FLURO CAN NOT EXCEED:
  3. WHAT EXPOSURE CAUSES HEMATOPOIETIC SYNDROME?
A
  1. WORKLOAD FACTOR
  2. 10 R/MIN
  3. 1-10 Gy
99
Q
  1. NRCP GUIDELINES STATE LEAKAGE RADIATION FROM X-RAY TUBE HOUSING CAN NOT EXCEED:
  2. EYEGLASS LEAD EQUIVALENCY:
  3. MINIMUM SSD IN FIXED FLURO:
A
  1. 100 mR per hour 1 meter from table
  2. 0.35 mm
  3. 15 IN (38 CM)
100
Q
  1. OH* REPRESENTS:
  2. RNA PAIRS CONSIST OF:
  3. STEPS/RUNGS OF DNA CONSIST OF:
    A. ACIDS. B. PAIRS OF NITROGENOUS BASES
    C. SUGAR PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS. D. RNA
A
  1. HYDROXYL FREE RADICAL
  2. ADENINE - URACIL
    CYTOSINE - GUANINE
  3. B. PAIRS NITROG. BASES
101
Q
  1. WHICH INTERACTION HAS MOST DAMAGING EFFECTS TO CHROMOSOME?
    A. DELETION. B. BROKEN END REARRANGEMENT
    C. DOUBLE BREAK FRAME SHIFT. D. RESTITUTION
  2. ORGANOGENESIS STAGE TAKES PLACE DURING: (TIME FRAME)
  3. N-P JUNCTION IS LOCATED IN A:
A
  1. B. BROKEN END REARRANGEMENT
  2. WEEKS 2-6
  3. RECTIFIER

Ketering (13 decks)

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