Skull/Fluro Flashcards
- SKULL IS DIVIDED INTO:
- CRANIAL BONES ARE DIVIDED INTO _________ & _________.
- HOW MANY FACIAL BONES ARE THERE?
- CRANIUM (8 BONES)
- FACIAL (14 BONES) - CALVARIUM (SKULL CAP) & FLOOR (BASE)
- 14
- CALVARIUM IS AKA:
- CONSIST OF: - FLOOR. CONSIST OF:
- AKA:
- SKULLCAP
- FRONTAL, PARIETAL (2), OCCIPITAL - BASE
- ETHMOID, SPHENOID, TEMPORAL (2)
- WHAT ARE THE FACIAL BONES?
- HOW MANY OF EACH? - WHICH ARE INTERNAL?
- WHICH IS LARGEST?
- NASAL (2)
LACRIMAL (2)
MAXILLA (2)
ZYGOMATIC ()
PALETINE (2)
NASAL CONCAE (2)
VOMER (1)
MANDIBLE (1) - VOMER. & PALETINE
- MANDIBLE
- WHAT DOES SPHENOID BONE ARTICULATE WITH?
- WHAT IS SELLA TURCICA?
- WHICH BONE HAS GREATER AND LESSER WINGS?
- SPHENOID BONE
- CENTRAL SPHENOID BONE - PROTECTS PITUITARY GLAND
- SPHENOID
- THICKEST & DENSES CRANIUM BONE:
- WHICH CRANIAL BONE CONTAINS ORGANS OF HEARING AND BALANCE
- WHICH BONE CONSIST OF PETROUS PYRAMID & PETROUS RIDGE?
- PETROUS PORTION OF TEMPORAL BONE
- TEMPORAL BONE
- TEMPORAL BONES
- WHERE IS CRISTA GALLA LOCATED?
- LARGEST AND DENSEST FACIAL BONE?
- ONLY MOVABLE BONE IN SKULL?
- ETHMOID BONE
- MANDIBLE
- MANDIBLE
- LARGEST MOVEABLE BONE OF FACE?
- WHAT CAVITIES DO THE MAXILLA FORN?
- WHAT SINUS IS LOCATED IN MAXILLARY BONE?
- MAXILLARY BONE
2.MOUTH, NASAL CAVITY, & ORBITS
- MAXILLARY SINUS
- WHAT IS SUTURE?
- CRANIAL SUTURES:
- JUNCTIONS OF SUTURES:
- JOINTS OF CRANIUM, SYNARTHRODIAL JOINTS
- CORONAL, SAGGITAL, LAMBOIDAL & SQUAMOSAL
- BREGMA, LAMBA, PTERION & ASTERION
- TYPE OF JOINT ARE THE CRANIAL SUTURES?
- WHICH SUTURE SEPARATES FRONTAL BONE FROM PARIETAL BONES?
- WHICH SUTURE SEPARATE TWO PARIETAL FROM OCCIPITAL?
- WHICH SUTURE SEPARATES PARIETAL AT MIDLINE?
- WHICH SUTURE SEPARATES PARIETAL & TEMPORAL?
- SYNARTHRODIAL
- CORONAL
- LAMBDOIDAL
- SAGITTAL
- SQUAMOSAL
- MOST IMPORTANT SURFACE LANDMARKS
- HOW MANY FONTANELLE IN CHILD?
- ADULTS? - WHAT IS LOCATED AT TOP OF EAM?
IOML, OML & MML IMPORTANT
- 6
- 6 - PETROUS RIDGES
- WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR SINUS PROJECTIONS?
- WHAT ARE SINUS?
- GROUPS? (4) - WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED
- LARGEST?
- ERECT & HORIZONTAL CR (FOR AIR-FLUID LEVELS)
- LARGE AIR-FILLED CAVITIES
- MAXILLARY (2), FRONTAL (2), ETHMOID (SEVERAL) & SPHENOID (1 OR 2) - FRONTAL = FRONTAL BONE
- ETHMOID = ETHMOID BONE (ANTERIOR INFRONT OF SPHENOID)
- MAXILLARY = MAXILLARY BONE (LARGEST)
- SPHENOID = SPHENOID BONE
- WHICH IS MORE ANTERIOR, ETHMOID OR SPHENOID?
- SPHENOID SINUS IS LOCATED:
- LABEL IMAGE
- ETHMOID
- UNDER SELLA TURCICA
- A – Frontal Bone
B – Parietal Bone
C – Temporal Bone
D – Occipital Bone
E – Body of Sphenoid (sinus)
F – Pterygoid process
G – Pterygoid Hamulus
H – Vomer
I – Perpendicular Plate (ethmoid)
J – Cribriform Plate (ethmoid)
K – Crista galli
L – Frontal sinus
- LABEL IMAGE
- BASIC SKULL PROJECTIONS:
- SPECIAL SKULL VIEWS:
- A – Frontal Bone
B – Right Parietal
C – Right Temporal
D – Ethmoid
E – Sphenoid (left greater wing) - AP AXIAL (TOWNE)
PA/AP AXIAL (CALDWELL)
R OR L LATERAL - AP & AP AXIAL TRAUMA
CROSS TABLE LATERAL
SMV
AP AXIAL (TOWNE)
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: OML (IOML) & MSP PERP.
- CR: 2.5in ABOVE GLABELLA PASSING THROUGH FORAMEN MAGNUM
- ANGLE: 30* CAUDAD TO OML
- 37* IOML CAUDAD - ANATOMY: DORSUM SELLAE & POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS WITHIN FORAMEN MAGNUM
- CHIN TUCKED IN
PA OR PA AXIAL CALDWELL
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: OML & MSP PERP.
- CR: NASION
- ANGLE: 15* CAUDAD (CALDWELL)
- 0 * (PA AXIAL) - ANATOMY:
0* = PETRIOUS. RIDGES FILL ORBITS
15* = PETRIOUS RIDGES IN LOWER THIRDS
- FOREHEAD AND NOSE TO IR
R OR L LATERAL
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: IPL & IOML PERP IR
- SMP PARALLEL - CR: W IN SUPERIOR EAM
- ANGLE: N/A
- ANATOMY: SELLA TURCICA INN PROFILE
- ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS OF DORSUM SELLA
- SIDE INTEREST CLOSER IR, TURN HEAD IN TRUE LATERAL
- WHEN DO YOU USE IOML REGULARLY?
- AP & AP AXIAL TRAUMA (REVERSE CALDWELL)
- PERPENDICULAR LINES:
- CR:
- ANGLE:
- ANATOMY:
- LATERAL & SMV REGULARLY
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: OML & MSP
- CR: NASION
- ANGLE: 0* (AP)
- 15* CEPHALAD (REVERSE CALDWELL) - ANATOMY: SAME AS CALDWELL
SMV CRANIAL BASE
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: IOML PARALLEL
- CR PERP IOML
- MSP PERP IR - CR: THROUGH SELLA TURCICA (3/4 IN ANTERIOR EAM) PERP TO IOML
- ANGLE: N/A
- ANATOMY: CRANIAL BASE
- FORAMEN OVALE & SPINOSUM
- BENT BACK
- ON A LATERAL SKULL, WHAT SHOULD BE SUPERIMPOSED?
- ROTATION ON LATERAL SKULL INDICATED BY:
- TILTING ON LATERAL SKULL INDICATED BY:
- ORBITAL ROOFS, EXTERNAL MEATI, MANDIBULAR RAMI & TMJ JOINTS
- ROTATION = ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR SEPARATION OF MANDIBULAR RAMI
- TILTING = SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR SEPARATION OF ORBITAL ROOFS
- ROUTINE FACIAL / NASAL PROJECTIONS:
- ADDITIONAL FACIAL / NASAL PROJECTIONS:
- PA AXIAL CALDWELL
- PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS)
- LATERAL (R OR L) - MODIFIED PARIETOACANTHIAL (MODIFIED WATERS)
PA AXIAL CALDWELL - FACIAL BONES
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: OML & MSP
- CR: NASION
- ANGLE: 15* CAUDAL OR 30* CAUDAL
- ANATOMY: GENERAL SURVEY OF FACIAL BONES
- 15* = PETR. RIDGES LOWER 2/3 ORBITS
- 30* = PETR RIDGES INFERIOR MARGIN ORBITS - FOREHEAD AND NOSE ON IR
PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS) - FACIAL BONES
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: MML PERP.
- OML 37* - CR: ACANTHION
- ANGLE: N/A
- ANATOMY: PETROUS RIDGES BELOW MAXILLARY SINUS’
- TIP CHIN AGAINST IR
LATERAL FACIAL BONES
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: IPL
- OML PERP FRONT EDGE OF IR - CR: ZYGOMA (BETWEEN OTHER CANTHUS & EAM)
- ANGLE: N/A
- ANATOMY: SELLA TURCICA & SUPERIMP. MANDIBULAR RAMI / ORBITAL ROOFS
- TRUE LATERAL ,SIDE INTEREST CLOSER IR
MODIFIED PARIEOACANTHIAL (MODIFIED WATERS) FACIAL BONES
1. PERPENDICULAR LINES:
2. CR:
3. ANGLE:
4. ANATOMY:
5. POSITION OF HEAD
- PERPENDICULAR LINES: OML 55*
- CR: ACANTHION
- ANGLE: N/A
- ANATOMY: PETR. RIDGES IN SHADOWS OF MAXILLARY SINUS’
- ORBITAL FLOORS MIN. DISTORTION
- BLOWOUT FX - CHIN AND NOSE ON IR
- IF MML PERP TO IR, WHAT OCCURS?
- WHICH VIEW IS GOOD FOR BLOWOUT FRACTURE?
- WITH NASAL BONES, WHICH LATERAL DO YOU DO?
- VIEWS OF MANDIBLE
- MML 37* ANGLE WITH IR
- MODIFIED WATERS
- LEFT AND RIGHT (BOTH)
- PA & PA AXIAL, AXIOLATERAL & AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE & AP AXIAL TOWNE
NASAL BONES
1. WATERS:
A. LINES:
B. CR/ANGLE:
C. ANATOMY:
- CALDWELL
A. LINES:
B. CR/ANGLE:
C. ANATOMY: - R & LEFT LATERAL
A. LINES:
B. CR/ANGLE:
C. ANATOMY:
- WATERS:
A. LINES: MML PERP, OML 37* ANGLE
B. CR/ANGLE: ACANTHION
C. ANATOMY: DEVIATED SEPTUM - CALDWELL
A. LINES: OML & MSP PERP.
B. CR/ANGLE: 15* CAUDAL @ NASION
C. ANATOMY: NASAL SEPTUM - R & LEFT LATERAL
A. LINES: IPL & OML PERP.
B. CR/ANGLE: 1/2 IN INFERIOR NASION
C. ANATOMY: FRACTURES OF NASAL BONES
- DESIRED PORTION OF MANDIBLE PLACED _____ TO IR & SHOWS SIDE _______ TO IR
- FOR RAMUS, HEAD IS IN ________ POSITION
- FOR BODY, HEAD IS IN ________ POSITION
- FOR SYMPHYSIS, HEAD IS IN ________ POSITION
- PARALLEL / SIDE CLOSER
- RAMI = TRUE LATERAL
- BODY = 30* TO IR
- SYMPH. = 45* TO IR
- CR FOR AXIOLATERAL & AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE MANDIBLE?
- ORBITS FORMED BY:
- PROJECTIONS OF ORBITS:
- 25* CEPHALIC THROUGH AREA OF INTEREST
- FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID, LACRIMAL, PALATINE, MAXILLARY & ZYGOMATIC
- WATERS, MODIFIED WATERS, CALDWELL & LATERAL
- ORBIT VIEW SHOWS TRIPOD FX?
- BLOWOUT FX? - CR FOR ORBITAL WATERS & MODIFIED WATERS:
- CALDWELL
- LATERAL - WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OML & IOML?
- BLOWOUT = MODIFIED WATERS
- TRIPOD FX = WATERS - WATERS/MODS: ORBITS
- CALDWELL = 30* CAUDAD MID ORBITS
- LATERAL - OUTER CANTHUS - 18 *
OML = 37*
IOML = 55*
- ONLY MOVEABLE JOINT IN SKULL:
- CLASSIFIED AS: - TMJ LOCATED:
- TMJ PROJECTIONS:
- TMJ JOINT
- SYNOVIAL JOINT - ANTERIOR EAM
- AP AXIAL MODIFIED TOWNE
- AXIOLATERAL (SCHULLER) & AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MODIFIED LAW METHOD)
- SCHUELLER METHOD, HEAD IS IN _______ POSITION
- CR FOR SCHUELLER:
- IN CLOSED MOUTH:
- IN OPEN MOUTH:
- TRUE LATERAL
- 25-30* CAUDAL @ 1/2 IN ANTERIOR & 2 IN SUPERIOR EAM
- CLOSED = CONDYLE IN FOSSA
- OPEN = CONDYLE INFERIOR
- MODIFIED LAW METHOD, HEAD IS IN _______ POSITION
- CR FOR SCHUELLER:
- IN CLOSED MOUTH:
- IN OPEN MOUTH:
- HEAD 15* TO IR
- 15* CAUDAD @ 1.5 IN SUPERIOR EAM
- CLOSED. = CONDYLE IN FOSSA
- OPEN - CONDYLE INFERIOR
- WHAT VIEW SHOWS FRONTAL SINUS & ANTERIOR ETHMODIAL?
- WHAT VIEW SHOWS MAXILLARY SINUS’?
- WHAT VIEW SHOWS ALL FOUR GROUPS OF SINUS?
- WHICH SINUS IS SEEN THROUGH OPEN MOUTH SINUS? THIS VIEW ALSO SHOWS WHAT SINUS?
- SMV SHOWS WHAT SINUS’?
- CALDWELL
- WATERS
- LATERAL
- SPHENOID THROUGH OPEN MOUTH
- MAXILLARY - SMV = ETHMOIDAL & SPHENOIDAL
- How much must the skull be rotated from a lateral position to best demonstrate the body of the mandible for the axiolateral oblique projection?
A. 10° to 15°. B. 30°. C. 45°
D. None; keep the skull in a true lateral position - Which projection of the skull has been performed if the petrous ridges are at the level of the supraorbital margin?
A. PA 15°. B. PA 25°
C. PA 30°. D. PA 0° - How much CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the skull if the IOML is perpendicular to the IR?
A. 25°. B. 30°. C. 37°. D. 40°
- B. 30* TO IR
- D. PA 0* (NO ANGEL= PET. RIDGE FILL ORBITS)
- C. 37*
- Which of the following is perpendicular to the image receptor plane for a Caldwell projection of the skull?
a. Orbitomeatal line. b. Acanthiomeatal line
c. Infraorbitomeatal line. d. Mentomeatal line - A patient enters the ED with facial bone injuries. The physician is concerned about a possible blow-out fracture of the left orbit. Which one of the following projections would best diagnose this injury?
a. Parietoacanthial (Waters method) projection
b. Submentovertical projection
c. Superoinferior (tangential) projection
d. Modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) - Which of the following methods will clearly demonstrate the petrous ridges, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid processes?
A. Lateral B. Towne (AP axial). C. SMV
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
1.A. OML
- D. MODIFIED WATERS
- C. TOWNE ONLY
- The parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones is commonly called the _____ method.
a. Towne. b. Waters
c. Caldwell. d. Rhese - For an SMV projection of the cranial base, the central ray
should always be perpendicular to the _____ line.
a. mentomea b. orbitomeatal
c. infraorbitomeatal d. acanthiomeatal - Which sinus is projected through the mouth on the
open-mouth modification of the Waters method?
a. Frontal
b. Ethmoidal
c. Sphenoidal
d. Maxillary
1.WATERS
- IOML
- SPHENOIDAL
- Which of the following projections will best
demonstrate the maxillary sinuses?
A. Parietoacanthial (Waters)
B. PA axial (Caldwell)
C. Submentovertical
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3 - Which projections will demonstrate the ethmoidal
sinuses?
A. Lateral
B. PA axial (Caldwell)
C. SMV
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3 - WHICH CRANIAL BONE SEEN MOST ON TOWNE?
- A
- D. 1, 2 & 3
- OCCIPITAL BONE
WHAT ARE IMAGED
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 TOWNE (TOWNE LOOKING DOWN)
2. MODIFIED WATERS ( SLIGHTLY LOOKING UP)
3. CALDWELL (LOOK LIKE NORMAL SKULL)
4. WATERS (LOOKING UP / SWIMMING ABOVE WATER)
WHAT ARE IMAGED?
1.
2.
3.
- SMV
- LATERAL NASAL
- MANDIBLE RAMUS (AXIOLATERAL)
- WHERE ARE FRONTAL SINUS’ SHOWN?
- PARIETAL BONES SEPARATED BY
- CORONAL AND SAGITTAL SUTURE MEET AT
- CALDWELL / LATERAL
- SAGITTAL SUTURE
- BREGMA
WHICH TMJ IS SHOWN?
1.
2.
- OPEN (SEPERATION / OPENING)
- CLOSED (SHOWS SUPERIMPOSED)
- ROUTINE PROJECTIONS OF ABDOMEN:
- ADVANCED PROJECTIONS ABDOMEN
- AP KUB / PA
- AP ERECT - LATERAL DECUBITUS
- DORSAL DECUBITUS
- AP SUPINE - ABDOMEN (KUB)
A. RESPIRATION:
B. CR:
C. ANATOMY: - ABDOMEN ERECT
A. RESPIRATION:
B. CR:
C. ANATOMY:
- AP SUPINE - ABDOMEN (KUB)
A. RESPIRATION: SUSPEND SECOND EXPIRATION
B. CR: ILLIAC CREST
C. ANATOMY: KIDNEY - TO PUBIC SYMPHYSIS (FOR BLADDER)
BORDER PSOAS, LIVER MARGIN, KIDNEY OUTLINE & LUMBAR VERT. - ABDOMEN ERECT
A. RESPIRATION: SUSPENDED SECOND EXPIRATION
B. CR: 2 IN ABOVE ILLIAC CREST
C. ANATOMY: AIR-FLUID LEVELS OF STOMACH AND LOOPS OF BOWELS
- BILATERAL DIAPHRAGM
- SMALL FREE AIR BUBBLE UNDER RIGHT HEMI DIAPH.
- OPEN MOUTH WATERS SHOWS WHAT SINUS?
- LATERAL FACIAL BONES CENTERED AT _______
& SHOW SUPERIMPOSED _________ - PLEURAL EFFUSION IN RIGHT LUNG WOULD BE PLACED IN _______.
- ROTATION FOR Y VIEW
- SPHENOID
- ZYGOMA
- SUPERIMP. ORBITAL ROOFS & RAMUS - RIGHT LATERAL DECUB.
- 45-60* OBLIQUE
- RAO STERNUM BREATHING TECHNIQUE?
- TO SHOW AIR-FLUID LEVELS IN ABDOMEN, WHAT PROJECTIONS CAN BE USED?
- LATERAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE ELBOW
- WHAT ABOUT MEDIAL?
- ORTHOSTATIC
- AP ERECT, LATERAL OR DORSAL DECUB.
- RADIAL HEAD, NECK & TUB FREE SUPERIMP.
- CORONOID
- CALDWELLL SKULL EXITS AT ______
- OPEN MOUTH SHOWS
- HOW MANY FACIAL BONES?
- CRANIAL? - ANGLE OF PLANTAR SURFACE FORMS _____* ANGLE IN OBLIQUE FOOT?
- NASION
- LATERAL MASSES, DENS & ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT OPEN
- 12 = FACE
8 = CRANIAL - 30*
- CALCANEUS ANGLE:
3.
- 40* CEPHALIC
2.
3.
- WHERE IS TOP OF IR IN ERECT ABDOMEN?
- HOW LONG SHOULD PATIENT BE UPRIGHT / ERECT FOR AIR-FLUID LEVELS?
- WHY IS LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS PREFERED FOR ABDOMEN?
- LEVEL AXILLA
- 5 MINUTES MIN.
- 10-20 DESIRED - PLACE GASTRIC BUBBLE AWAY FROM ELEVATED RIGHT HEMI TO PREVENT FROM THINKING IT IS FREE AIR