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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 7/8 > Flashcards

Unit 7/8 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

Process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment.

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2
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

condition that refralns stable within fluctuating limits

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

process by which a mechanism is activated to restore conditions to their original state

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4
Q

positive feedback

A

process by which a small effect is amplified

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5
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of the vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions

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7
Q

deamination

A

removal of an amino group from an organic compound

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8
Q

urea

A

nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

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9
Q

uric acid

A

waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

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10
Q

contractile vacuole

A

a structure in unicellular organisms that maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping fluid out from the cell

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11
Q

ureters

A

tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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12
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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13
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of the kidney

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14
Q

medulla

A

area inside of the cortex

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15
Q

renal pelvis

A

area where the kidney joins the ureter

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16
Q

nephrons

A

functional units of the kidneys

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17
Q

afferent arterioles

A

small branches that carry blood to the glomerulus

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18
Q

glomerulus

A

high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

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19
Q

efferent arterioles

A

small branches that carry blood away from the glomerulus to a capillary net

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20
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

network of small blood vessels that surround the nephron

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21
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus

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22
Q

proximal tubule

A

section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle

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23
Q

loop of Henle

A

carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

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24
Q

distal tubule

A

conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

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25
Q

collecting duct

A

tube that carries urine from nephrons to the pelvis of a kidney

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26
Q

filtration

A

process by which blood or body fluids pass through a selectively permeable membrane

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27
Q

reabsorption

A

transfer of glomerular filtrate from the nephron back into the capillaries

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28
Q

secretion

A

movement of materials, such as ammonia and some drugs, from the blood back into the distal tubule

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29
Q

threshold level

A

maximum amount of material that can be moved across the nephron

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30
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the body cells

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31
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption

32
Q

osmoreceptors

A

specialized nerve cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood and surrounding extracel-lular fluids (ECF)

33
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone that increases Na+ reabsorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct

34
Q

hormones

A

chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body

35
Q

endocrine hormones

A

chemicals secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood

36
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, that stimulates growth of the body; also known as somatotropin (STH)

37
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; insulin is secreted when blood sugar levels are high

38
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone, produced in the adrenal medulla, that accelerates heart rate and body reactions during a crisis (the fight-or-flight response);
also known as adrenaline

39
Q

steroid hormones

A

group of hormones, made from cholesterol, that includes male and female sex hormones and cortisol

40
Q

cortisol

A

hormone that stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver

41
Q

protein hormones

A

group of hormones, composed of chains of amino acids, that includes insulin and growth hormone

42
Q

cyclic adenosine monophos-phate (cyclic AMP)

A

secondary chemical messenger that directs the synthesis of protein by ribosomes

43
Q

thyroxine

A

iodine-containing hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, that increases the rate of body metabolism and regulates growth

44
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland at the base of the brain that, together with the hypothalamus, functions as a control centre, coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems

45
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by the pancreas; when blood sugar levels are low, glucagon promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose

46
Q

diabetes

A

chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce any insulin or enough insulin, or is unable to use properly the insulin it does make

47
Q

adrenal medulla

A

found at the core of the adrenal gland, the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

48
Q

norepinephrine

A

also known as noradrenaline, it initiates the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate and blood sugar

49
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer region of the adrenal gland that produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

50
Q

glucocorticoids

A

various hor-mones, produced by the adrenal cortex, designed to help the body meet the demands of stress

51
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

hormones of the adrenal cortex important for regulation of salt-water balance

52
Q

thyroid gland

A

a two-lobed gland at the base of the neck that regulates metabolic processes

53
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four pea-sized glands in the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels

54
Q

thyroid gland

A

a two-lobed gland at the base of the neck that regulates metabolic processes

55
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four pea-sized glands in the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels

56
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers calcium levels in the blood

57
Q

goiter

A

disorder that causes an enlargement of the thyroid gland

58
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, which will increase calcium levels in the blood and lower the levels of phosphates

59
Q

prostaglandins

A

hormones that have a pronounced effect in a small localized area

60
Q

anabolic steroids

A

substances that are designed to mimic many of the muscle-building traits of the sex hormone testosterone

61
Q

testosterone

A

male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells of
the testes

62
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process by
which spermatogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells

63
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

hormones produced by the pituitary gland that regulate the functions of the testes in males and the ovaries in females

64
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)

A

in males, hormone that increases sperm production

65
Q

luteinizing hormone (LHI)

A

in males, hormone that regulates the production of testosterone

66
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnH)

A

chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates secretions of FSH and LH from the pituitary

67
Q

follicles

A

structures in the ovary that contain the egg and secrete estrogen

68
Q

ovulation

A

release of the egg from the follicle held within the ovary

69
Q

corpus luteum

A

a mass of follicle cells that forms within the ovary after ovulation; secretes estrogen and progesterone

70
Q

flow phase

A

phase of the menstrual cycle marked by shedding of the endometrium

71
Q

follicular phase

A

phase marked by development of ovarian follicles before ovulation

72
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormone that activates the development of female secondary sex characteristics, including development of the breasts and body hair, and increased thickening of the endometrium

73
Q

luteal phase

A

phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum following ovulation

74
Q

progesterone

A

female sex hormone produced by the ovaries that maintains uterine lining during pregnancy

75
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)

A

in females, a gonadotropin that promotes the development of the follicles in the ovary

76
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

in females, a gonadotropin that promotes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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