paper 1

Question 1

pillow lava’s formation

Answer 1

lava continuously extruded from under the sea floor forming a glassy texture

Question 2

sources of geothermal energy

Answer 2

radioactive decay - 50%
formation of the earth
frictional heating - heat from friction of denser minerals sinking

Question 3

engineering strategies to reduce impact of seismic waves

Answer 3

1) deep foundations
2) counter weighting eg steel pendulum
3) strong flexible steel structure

Question 4

liquefaction

Answer 4

vibrations in the ground from an earthquake cause the ground to become less viscous therefore allowing buildings to slide down due to grains being forces apart

Question 5

evidence of tectonic plate movement

Answer 5

1) Mesosaurus found in south america and south Africa which would not be possible in today’s current climate meaning they had to be closer together at one point.

Question 6

Igneous crystal shapes

Answer 6

1) Euhedral- well formed with sharp recognisable faces.
2) Anhedral- no well-formed crystal faces.
3) Equant- crystals have all axes the same length.
4) Equigranular- all crystal faces the same size.
5) Amygdaloidal- large vesicles filled with secondary mineral.
6) Carbonation- the reaction between carbonic acid and a mineral.
7) Porphyritic- large crystals are completely surrounded by small crystals.

Question 7

silica contents

Answer 7

silicic - >66%
intermediate - 52-66%
mafic - 45-52%
ultramafic - <45%

Question 8

amphibian adaptations

Answer 8

1) Formation of eyelids – wasn’t needed in water.
2) Tongues - help catch prey on land.
3) Ears – help hear on land.
4) First evolved from marine animals in the Devonian.

Question 9

Elastic rebound theory

Answer 9

Shear strain deforms the crust as it moves in opposing directions. Elastic strain energy builds up over many years at specific points on the crust, stress builds until it exceeds the strength of the rock causing it to have a sudden release of the energy which causes an earthquake. The energy released is in seismic waves.

Question 10

Rift valley

Answer 10

lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges produced by geological rifts.

Question 11

Rift

Answer 11

divergent plate margin pulling apart the lithosphere.

Question 12

Secondary enrichment

Answer 12

Concentrates minerals by weathering and erosion in oxidation zones above the water table. E.g., copper

Question 13

Placer deposits

Answer 13

deposition of minerals from decreased water energy.

Question 14

Connate water

Answer 14

water trapped in the pores of sedimentary rocks.