Part 20: CV & Renal Overview

Question 1

cardiac output = ____ x ___

Answer 1

stroke volume (SV) x HR

Question 2

what is cardiac output?

Answer 2

how much blood can be pumped by the heart per min

Question 3

what is stroke volume?

Answer 3

amount of blood pumped with each contraction

Question 4

cardiac muscle contraction is generated by action potentials initiated by an _____ system in the heart

Answer 4

intrinsic electrical

Question 5

cardiac processes are modulated by the ____ nervous system

Answer 5

autonomic

Question 6

t/f at a cellular level, cardiac myocytes have a lot of similarity to the neurons and muscle cells

Answer 6

t

Question 7

what is the primary difference between cardiac cells and neurons and muscle cells?

Answer 7

cardiac cells are receiving AP and contracting betwn 50-150x per min

Question 8

when cardiac myocytes is stimulated by an AP, ____ions enter the cell through ___ channels, causing membrane ___, which causes the opening of ____ channels

Answer 8

Na; voltage gated Na channels; depolarization; voltage gated Ca

Question 9

which ion is the key mediator in cardiac contraction?

Answer 9

Ca

Question 10

cardiac myocytes store large amounts of ca in ___ and ____

Answer 10

organelles and the SR

Question 11

when voltage gated Ca channels in cardiac myocytes are opened, some Ca enters and interacts with receptors in the _____ to generate a large efflux of Ca

Answer 11

SR

Question 12

what is it called when Ca stimulates the SR to release more Ca?

Answer 12

ca induced Ca release

Question 13

what is the purpose of Ca induced Ca release?

Answer 13

provides a large amounts of intracellular Ca available to interact with the myofilaments and initiate contraction

Question 14

how do cardiac myocytes relax?

Answer 14

ATPase pumps are used to pump Ca out of the cytosol to allow relaxation. The Na/Ca exchanger and Na-K ATPase also contribute

Question 15

t/f the process of all this ca movement happens every time our heart beats

Answer 15

t

Question 16

t/f BV are dynamic tissues

Answer 16

t

Question 17

t/f BV determine the resistance to blood flow and how easily blood gets to its destination

Answer 17

t

Question 18

give an example of the baroreceptor reflex

Answer 18

when sitting or lying down, bp tends to be lower, bc gravity isnt pulling our blood away from the heart, when we stand up the body needs to counteract this change and baroreceptors sense this and increase BP

Question 19

aldoesterone regulates how much ___ and ____ are retained in the body

Answer 19

Na and water

Question 20

what is the 1st leading cause of death in Canada?

Answer 20

cancer

Question 21

what is the 2nd leading cause of death in Canada?

Answer 21

heart disease

Question 22

t/f mortality related to CVD has been on the decline

Answer 22

t

Question 23

why has CVD mortality been on the decline?

Answer 23

early detectation, education to the public and improved treatent strategies and understanding

Question 24

what are the 4 main types of CVD?

Answer 24

1. arrythmias
2. heart failure
3. coronary artery disease
4. hypertension

Question 25

what are arrythmias?

Answer 25

dysfunction or dysregulation of the electrical activity of the heart

Question 26

what is heart failure?

Answer 26

when the heart muscle undergoes changes that makes it less efficient in pumping blood

Question 27

when people are talking about MI and stroke, they are referring to _____

Answer 27

CAD

Question 28

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 28

build up of lipids in the BV causing the narrowing & increased resistance to blood flow

Question 29

what can atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer 29

obstruction can cause angina and full occlusion of a vessel can cause an MI or stroke

Question 30

ischemic heart disease is alos known as ___

Answer 30

angina

Question 31

t/f hypertension doesnt have a specific location, but high BP can be damaging to organs and precipitate other CVDs like an MI in a patient with CAD

Answer 31

t

Question 32

incidence of Canadians being diagnosed with CV related diseases is now ____ (lowe/higher) than previous generations

Answer 32

lower

Question 33

list broad category risk factors for CVD (10)

Answer 33

1. age, sex, ethinicity
2. family history
3. unhelathy diet (high sodium, fat, processed)
4. overweight, low physical activity
5. tobacco use
6. high alocohol consumption (>1-2 drinks/day)
7. high BP
8. high cholesterol
9. diabetes and other chronic health conditions
10. stress

Question 34

which ethnic groups have higher risk of CVD?

Answer 34

indigenous, south asian, african

Question 35

what family history puts a patient at higher risk?

Answer 35

first degree relative that has/had CVD

Question 36

what are 2 main goals of treating hypertension?

Answer 36

reduce BP and reduce the risk of developing other CVD

Question 37

what are 3 goals when treating CAD?

Answer 37

1. reduce athersclerosis
2. reduce risk of blood clots
3. manage symptoms of ishcemic heart disease

Question 38

what are 2 goals when treating heart failure?

Answer 38

1. improve cardiac output

2. manage congestive heart failure

Question 39

what are 2 goals when treating arrhythmias?

Answer 39

1. reduce abnormal rhythms

2. reduce risk of blood clots

Question 40

what are the primary preventative medications for CVD?

Answer 40

antihypertensives and lipid lowering agents