Topic 3: Arguments and Logical Fallacies

Question 1

An assertion that has premises and a conclusion.

Answer 1

Argument

Question 2

T/F An Argument To be valid – if the premise is true, then the conclusion must be true also.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

T/F An Argument to be sound - the logic is valid and the premise is true, in which case the conclusion must be true.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F Examining all assumptions the argument is dependent on is critical to analysis.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

AKA proposition or statement.
An assertion of truth, existence or value
Either true or false
Can become a conclusion if supported by premises.

Answer 5

Claim

Question 6

assertion or proposition (claim) that forms the basis for a work or theory

Answer 6

Premise

Question 7

proposition from which another proposition is inferred or follows as a conclusion

Answer 7

Premise

Question 8

T/F A premise may be
true but incomplete
and does not cover the relevant facts necessary to argue the conclusion.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The quality of being justifiable by reason

Answer 9

LOGIC

Question 10

Reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity

Answer 10

LOGIC

Question 11

If a conclusion is not true = use of a false premise or a

Answer 11

Logical Fallacies

Question 12

Deception, trickery
Unreliability, flawed, error. A sophism - a deceptive or misleading argument. A delusive notion founded on false reasoning. The condition of being deceived

Answer 12

FALLACY

Question 13

Derived from two Latin words:
* fallax - deceptive
* fallere – to deceive

Answer 13

FALLACY

Question 14

Attempting to undermine a person’s argument by attacking their character or personal traits.

Answer 14

AD HOMINEM

Question 15

Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.

Answer 15

BLACK OR WHITE

Question 16

AKA: False Dilemma
Black or White

Answer 16

Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.

Question 17

Arguing that because someone in authority says it is true, it must be true.

Answer 17

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

Question 18

In practice a complex logical fallacy to deal with.

Answer 18

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

Question 19

It is legitimate to consider the training and experience of an individual when examining their assessment of a particular claim.

Answer 19

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

Question 20

A consensus of scientific opinion does carry some legitimate authority (climate change, vaccines).

Answer 20

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

Question 21

Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between two things means that one causes the other.

Answer 21

FALSE CAUSE

Question 22

AKA: post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 22

FALSE CAUSE

Question 23

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION

Answer 23

FALSE CAUSE

Question 24

Lies with the person making the claim.

Answer 24

The burden of proof

Question 25

AKA Absence of Evidence; Argument from Astonishment; Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 25

Argument from ignorance

Question 26

Arguing that because something is natural or from nature that it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good or ideal.

Answer 26

APPEAL TO NATURE

Question 27

Using personal experience or an isolated example as a valid argument.

Answer 27

ANECDOTAL

Question 28

Especially dismissive of statistics.

Answer 28

ANECDOTAL

Question 29

T/F The pleural of anecdote aka Anecdotal, is NOT data.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Individual perceptions are unreliable, especially compared to statistical measures. We tend to assume a desired outcome is more representative than it is.

Answer 30

ANECDOTAL

Question 31

Anecdote is Not ________

Answer 31

Evidence

Question 32

Used to illustrate an argument that is based in evidence.

Answer 32

Anecdote

Question 33

Part of a person’s story or narrative that doesn’t need to be evidential in an individual encounter.

Answer 33

Anecdote

Question 34

An argument for the validity of an idea based upon an irrelevant appeal to its popularity.

Answer 34

BANDWAGON