class differences in achievement -external factors

Question 1

nationwide study by the centre of longitudinal studies (2007)

Answer 1

by the age of 3 children from disadvantaged home are one year behind the privileged
gap widens with age

Question 2

statistics of those attending private school and then attending Oxbridge

Answer 2

7% - private school
almost half of oxbridge students

Question 3

Sutton trust (2011)

Answer 3

over 3 years 1,300 state schools send 0 pupils to Oxbridge
Eton alone sent 211 to Oxbridge

Question 4

what is cultural equipment

Answer 4

language, self-discipline +reasoning skills

Question 5

what is Hubbs - Tait et al view on language and cognitive development

Answer 5

(Feinstein + educated)parents use language that challenges an evaluation of own understanding - cognitive performance increases

Question 6

Bereiter and Englemann view of the quality of WC language

Answer 6

WC lang = deficient, ungrammatical, communication is in gestures
WC children fail to take advantage of opportunities bcs cannot explain + analyse adequately

Question 7

speech codes

Answer 7

elaborated + restricted code
berstein

Question 8

why is early socialisation of elaborated code an advantaged to the MC

Answer 8

when MC enter school, they feel at ‘home’ whereas WC feel excluded
elaborated code - textbooks, teacher language, exam Qs
= misunderstanding

Question 9

what does Bernstein recognise between the school its influence of developing WC achievement

Answer 9

unlike cultural deprivation theorists Bernstein recognises school, not just home affect achievement. WC fail not because culturally deprived but because school fails to teach elaborated code

Question 10

what does Douglas state about WC parents and their involvement in school, what is the effect?

Answer 10

WC parent = place less value on education, less encouragement. attended less parent meetings

WC children then lack ambition + motivation

Question 11

Feinstein’s 4 advantages of how educated parents better socialise

Answer 11

• parenting style = (MC) constant discipline + high discipline. (WC) harsh, ‘doing as told’ leads to problems of interacting with teachers
• parents educational behaviours - more learning, teaching letter, rhymes,
• use of income - buy educational toys that build reasoning skills + nutrition

parents own education - even if WC , educated parents can socialise children in the MC culture they learned at school.

Question 12

what did Bernstein and Young find about MC parents and how they use their income

Answer 12

MC more likely to buy educational books toys, activities that stimulate intellectual development

Question 13

who talks about subcultures and what are the aspects on WC subcultures

Answer 13

Sugarman

fatalism - negative

collectivism - family is more important

immediate gratification - seeking pleasure rather than making sacrifices

present - time orientation - present more important than future. avoid long term goals

Question 14

why do WC subcultures exist

Answer 14

MC jobs are secure offering prospects for individual advancement, encourages ambition + willingness to invest time

WC - jobs have no structure, no advancement so less willingness to invest time (fatalism they believe they are getting a low WC job)

Question 15

how are WC class subcultures passed on

Answer 15

through primary socialisation

Question 16

what is a subculture

Answer 16

a group whose attitudes and values differ from the mainstream culture

Question 17

what does compensatory education tackle and do

Answer 17

intervene in early socialisation process to compensate for the deprivation they experience at home

-operation head start 1960’s - includes parenting skills, home visits by educational psychologists, nursey class

Question 18

what does this sociologist say about cultural deprivation being a victim - blaming explanation

Answer 18

Keddie - dismisses failure from being culturally deprived

you cannot be culturally deprived, only culturally different, fail due to domination of MC values

Question 19

what sociologists criticize Beretier and Engelmanns view of WC language being the problem

Answer 19

Troyna + Williams - problem is not WC lang but teachers attitudes to it
teachers create a hierarchy from MC, WC + black speech

Question 20

criticism of Douglas of WC parents being disinterested

Answer 20

Mortimore + Blackstone - WC parents attend less parents meetings + lack of interest because days are dominated by low paid labour
they cannot make time for childs education

Question 21

department for education (2012) FSM achievement

Answer 21

1/3 eligible for FSM gained 5 A* - C grades, against 2/3 of other pupils not FSM

Question 22

deprived schools locations

Answer 22

90% of deprived schools in deprived areas

Question 23

Flaherty on young children’s attendance

Answer 23

money problems significant in younger children’s attendance

Question 24

how does poor housing affect education of WC (4)

Answer 24

• overcrowding - homework, studying + lack of sleep from sharing bedrooms
• lack of space leads to lack of exploration + play for young children
• temporary accommodation - leads to moving frequently so a disrupted education

-poor housing - health affected by mold + accidents = absences

Question 25

what sociologist is concerned about the nutrition uptake of WC families

Answer 25

Howard - poorer houses = poorer energy uptake of energy + vitamins, weakening immune systems = absences

Question 26

what does this sociologist say about the relationship of mental disorders and class

Answer 26

Wilkinson - the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety + conduct disorders

Question 27

A sociologist who is concerned about the costs of free schooling

Answer 27

Bull - WC do not have equipment + experiences that would enhance their educational achievement - the costs of free schooling

Question 28

what study shows that poverty leads to bullying due to lack of materials

Answer 28

tanner et al - costs of transport, uniforms place financial burden.

so WC families do with hand-me-downs, cheaper, unfashionable equipment

leads to stigmatisation

Question 29

what sociologist explanation why WC eligible for FSM do not take up entitlement

Answer 29

Flaherty - fear of stigmatisation explains why 20% dont take up entitlement

Question 30

quote in Ridge (2002) - fear of stigmatisation of being a FSM person

Answer 30

” i realised when I was in year 7 that the people who got FSM were teased…. I couldn’t handle that as I was already getting teased enough, so I didn’t get FSM

Question 31

what sociologist talks about the impact of having to work for an additional income

Answer 31

ridge - WC children have to work jobs like babysitting, cleaning…. - leads to negative impact on schoolwork

Question 32

what did the coalition government abolish that lead to a negative impact on working class + year

Answer 32

abolished in 2011 education maintenance allowances

Question 33

using nationwide questionnaire survey what did sociologists find about the correlation between class and fear of debt

Answer 33

callender + jackson - WC are more debt adverse + debt should be avoided

Question 34

how much times are working class likely to not apply to university because of fear of debt

Answer 34

WC 5x less likely to apply than most debt tolerant people (MC)

Question 35

what change university since 2012 made a disadvantage to the working class

Answer 35

increase in fees of 9,000 per year. UCAS - applicant rates dropped by 8.6% compared to previous year

Question 36

statistics in difference in help received from home between middle and working class

Answer 36

national union of students (2010) survey of 3,863 students
MC = 81% received help
WC = 43% received help

explains why 30% are WC but WC accounts for 1/2 of population

Question 37

what can serve as a barrier when deciding what unis to apply to , what sociologist said this

Answer 37

Reay - WC have to apply to local unis, so they can live at home + save travel costs
this is less opportunity to go to high status unis

Question 38

why are cultural factors more important that material factors in sustaining motivation and ambition

Answer 38

cultural, religious, political values of families important in sustaining motivation, despite poverty - Feinstein educated parents make a positive contribution to a child achievement regardless of income

Question 39

who argues that material factors are more detrimental to achievement

Answer 39

Mortimore and Whitty - material inequalities have the greatest affect on achievement
so Robinson argues tackling child poverty is the most effective ay to boost achievement

Question 40

what are Bourdieu’s three types of capital ; cultural capital

Answer 40

• cultural capital is the attitudes, ,languages, values. MC culture is a capital because like wealth it gives advantages to those who possess it. like Bernstein, he argues through socialisation MC acquire ability to analyse and explain abstract ideas
  these abilities are valued in school so they are rewarded with qualifications

Question 41

what are Bourdieu’s three types of capital; educational capital and economic capital

Answer 41

educational capital - Bourdieu thinks that these capitals can all be converted into one another
MC with economic capita can convert it into educational capital by affording private schooling
MC better equipped to meet demands of school curriculum + gain qualifications

Question 42

what is a study that supports that whealthy parents can use wconomic capital to convert it into educatinal capital

Answer 42

Leech + Campos study of Coventry. MC parents more likely to afford a house in a catchment area of a school with a high rank in league tables - selection by mortgage

Question 43

describe Sullivans study and findings of testing Bourdieu’s theory that MC have greater cultural capital

Answer 43

Sullivan - questionnaires to conduct a survey 465 pupils in 4 schools
assess cultural capital she asked about activities e.g reading, TV viewing, museums + tested vocab, + knowledge of cultural figures
those who read complex fiction + TV documentaries had greater cultural knowledge
those with greater cultural capital were children of graduates - most successful

Question 44

even though some Middle and working class students had the same amount of Cultural capital why do the MC sill achieve more

Answer 44

Sullivan - cultural capital only accounts for a part of difference in achievement because even if they had same level of culture, they still do better

greater resources + aspirations of MC families explain remainder of class gap in achievement