Phonological Development

Question 1

affects speech perception and consequently speech production.

Answer 1

hearing loss

Question 2

a birth defect that affects airflow stream and the ability to articulate speech sounds.

Answer 2

cleft lip or cleft palate

Question 3

motor speech disorder affecting speech production in young children.

Answer 3

childhood apraxia of speech

Question 4

most common motor disability in childhood and affects speech motor control, causing problems with respiration, phonation, and articulation.

Answer 4

cerebral palsy

Question 5

is calculated by comparing the accuracy of consonants in the child’s word productions with the adult pronunciation.

Answer 5

percent of consonant correct (PCC)

Question 6

this is done by calculating a measure called Percent of Consonants Correct (PCC).

Answer 6

examine overall accuracy

Question 7

how many sounds can they produce?.

Answer 7

Analyse their phonetic inventory

Question 8

Being able to make two different positions of articulation within a single word can often be difficult for young children.

Answer 8

assimilation

Question 9

A change in one sound to make it more like another sound.

Answer 9

assimilation

Question 10

Word pronunciations are often affected by length of the word and its accent or stress patterns.

Answer 10

affect of prosody

Question 11

sequences of two or more consonants.

Answer 11

cluster reduction

Question 12

regulation of vocal fold vibration.

Answer 12

phonation

Question 13

This preference for words containing “favorite sounds”.

Answer 13

lexical selection

Question 14

words the child has made up to refer to an object such as saying ‘bu’ when asking for a cup.

Answer 14

Protowords

Question 15

The last stage of babbling generally overlaps with the early period of meaningful speech.

Answer 15

Jargon stage (10 months and older)

Question 16

The prime feature of this period is the appearance of this stage—that is, sequences of consonant–vowel syllables with adultlike timing.

Answer 16

Canonical babbling (6 months and older)

Question 17

In this stage, babies seem to be testing their vocal apparatus, producing very loud and very soft sounds (yells and whispers), and very high and very low sounds (squeals and growls).

Answer 17

Vocal play (4 to 6 months)

Question 18

Rapid growth of the head and neck area allows production of a greater variety of sounds.

Answer 18

Cooing and laughter (2 to 4 months)

Question 19

Most vocalizations in this stage are reflexive (crying and fussing), or vegetative (coughing, burping, and sneezing).

Answer 19

Reflexive vocalizations (birth to 2 months)

Question 20

/i/ (beet), /ı/ (bit), /u/ (boot), and /ʊ/ (put); are sounds produced in top of mouth.

Answer 20

high vowels

Question 21

/eı/, (bait), /ɛ/ (bet), /ʌ/ (putt), /ɝ/ (purr), /oʊ/ (boat), and /ɔ/ (taught); Sounds produced in middle of mouth.

Answer 21

mid vowels

Question 22

/æ/ (pat), and /ɑ/ (pot); Sounds produced in bottom of mouth.

Answer 22

low vowels

Question 23

/æʊ/ occurs in house and cow, and /ɔı/ in boy
and void; consist of two vowel sounds.

Answer 23

diphthongs

Question 24

/ə/ about, llama, potato, and telephone; occurs only in unstressed syllables-pronunciation varies slightly across words.

Answer 24

schwa

Question 25

produced without vocal fold vibration.

Answer 25

Voiceless

Question 26

produced with vocal fold vibration.

Answer 26

Voiced

Question 27

nasals, liquids, and glides, are voiced.

Answer 27

sonorants

Question 28

(Stops, fricatives, affricates) are additionally classified as “voiced” or “voiceless.”.

Answer 28

Obstruent consonants

Question 29

(Stops, fricatives, affricates) are additionally classified as “voiced” or “voiceless.”.

Answer 29

Obstruent consonants

Question 30

less constriction than other consonants, share some phonetic characteristics with vowels.

Answer 30

Approximant (Liquids & glides)

Question 31

Air released through nasal passage.

Answer 31

Nasal

Question 32

begin like a stop, end like a fricative – cannot be prolonged like fricatives.

Answer 32

Affricates

Question 33

(Front to back) narrowing (but not closing) of the articulators so that the airstream creates friction as it passes through.

Answer 33

Fricatives

Question 34

(Bilabial to velar) short, quick release of air after closed stricture.

Answer 34

Stops (plosives)

Question 35

(Stops, fricatives & affricates) they fully/partially obstruct the flow of air.

Answer 35

OBSTRUENTS

Question 36

(Nasals, liquids & glides) air flows smoothly out the nose or oral cavity.

Answer 36

SONORANTS

Question 37

produced by narrowing the glottis (back of throat), sometimes by narrowing pharynx/other parts of oral cavity).

Answer 37

glottal

Question 38

back of the tongue touches the velum (soft palate, behind the hard palate).

Answer 38

velar

Question 39

tongue is rather close to the hard palate.

Answer 39

Palatal

Question 40

tongue near or contacting the hard palate, and/or the slope leading up to it from the alveolar ridge.

Answer 40

Pre-Palatal

Question 41

front part of the tongue in contact with or very close to alveolar ridge.

Answer 41

Alveolar

Question 42

tongue lightly touching the upper teeth, or projecting out slightly beyond them.

Answer 42

Interdental

Question 43

lower lip resting lightly against the upper teeth - slight space between the lip & teeth for air to escape.

Answer 43

Labiodental

Question 44

produced with closed lips.

Answer 44

Labial

Question 45

produced with lips protruding & almost closed.

Answer 45

bilabial

Question 46

the presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during production.

Answer 46

Voicing

Question 47

how the air flows while the sound is being made.

Answer 47

manner of articulation

Question 48

the place where the constriction is tightest; which upper articulator is closest to the lower articulator.

Answer 48

place of articulation