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AQA A-Level Product Design Paper 2 > 2.5 Major Developments in Technology > Flashcards

2.5 Major Developments in Technology Flashcards

1
Q

Early 19th century

A

Electrical batteries and circuits:

  • Basic lighting
  • Motors
  • Switches
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2
Q

Early 20th century

A

Vacuum tube (thermionic valve):

   - Early amplifiers
   - Radios
   - TV's
   - Computers
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3
Q

1940s

A

Transistor (semi-conductor):
- Portable radios and a reduction in the size of other electronic
products

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4
Q

1960s

A

‘Microelectronic’ ICs (approx 500 transistors):
- More powerful computers and highly portable devices such as
music players

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5
Q

1980s

A

Ultra large-scale ICs (ULSI) (1000000+ transistors):

  • Laptops and mobile phones
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6
Q

2017

A

10 billion+ transistors ICs:
- Supercomputers and prospect of even more powerful mobile
devices

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7
Q

Impact of compact cassette

A

Portability and convenience of enclosed recording tape

Cheap, easy to use and relatively reliable

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8
Q

Impact of CD

A

Reliable, wear-free storage of digital files

Portable and relatively high storage capacity

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9
Q

Impact of laser

A

Reliable, non-contact, light transmission of CD data

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10
Q

Impact of Ni-Mh batteries

A

Rechargeable, portable power

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11
Q

Impact of LCD display

A

Facilitates user display interface

Consumes less power than previous displays

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12
Q

Impact of MP3 (compressed digital audio)

A

Increased capacity of devices to store more songs

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13
Q

Impact of miniature hard drive

A

High-capacity storage capability

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14
Q

Impact of lithium batteries

A

Rechargeable power and longer battery life

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15
Q

Impact of flash (IC) storage

A

No moving parts improving reliability

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16
Q

Impact of capacitive touch screen

A

Improvements to user control and display interface

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17
Q

Impact of music streaming

A

Removable of the requirement to store files on devices

18
Q

The Internet of things (IoT)

A

Network of multiple microelectronic devices using wi-fi and the internet.

It has many applications so far, for example:
- Smart fridges using cameras and radio frequency identification
(RFID) scanners to order products as they are used
- An automatic JIT manufacturing system that organises its own
the flow of parts and predictive maintenance of manufacturing
equipment

19
Q

Research

A

1950s:

  • Books
  • Film photography
  • Writing letters
  • Reading paper catalogues
    Now:
  • Internet searches
  • Digital photography
  • PDFs
  • Use of mobile devices
20
Q

Generating and Refining Design Ideas

A

1950s

  • Sketching
  • Drawing boards
  • Rubbing out and re-drawing errors
  • Basic copying methods
    Now:
  • CAD
  • Graphics tablets
  • Parts libraries
  • Scanning to input data
  • 3D rendering
21
Q

Design Collaboration and Communcation

A

1950s:

  • Face-to-face meetings
  • Landline telephone calls
  • Postal communication
    Now:
  • Web conferences
  • Email texts
  • File sharing and cloud storage
  • Online collaboration
22
Q

Modelling and Testing Ideas

A

1950s:

  • Handmade models
  • Destructive testing
  • Calculations (sometimes with calculators)
    Now:
  • Virtual 3D CAD model
  • Finite elements analysis (FEA)
  • Complex computer applications
23
Q

Manufacturing

A

1950s:

  • Skilled operation of manual machines
  • Paper-based stock control
  • Manual handling
    Now:
  • CNC machines
  • Robotic devices
  • Computer monitored JiT systems
  • 3D printing
24
Q

QC (quality control) and testing

A

1950s:

  • Manual and visual inspection using verniers and gauges
  • Basic laboratory equipment
    Now:
  • Automated scanning
  • Digital imaging
  • Probe measuring linked to computers
25
Q

State two features of glulam

A

Layered timber and glue used to create various components

Elimination of timber defects
Easy to form parts
Good strength/weight ratio
Sustainable

26
Q

State one applications of glulam

A
  • Buildings
  • Bridges
  • Other structures
27
Q

State two features of kevlar

A

Fibre, which is often combined with resins

28
Q

State one application for kevlar

A
  • Bulletproof
  • Puncture-resistant tyres
  • Aircraft construction
29
Q

State two features of graphene (nanomaterial)

A

Two-dimensional form of microscopic carbon particles with a honeycomb-like atomic structure

  • Can be rolled into very thin and hollow tubes
  • Very good tensile strength, hardness, heat resistance, and electrical conductively
  • Lack of recyclability
30
Q

State one application of graphene (nanomaterial)

A
  • Medical treatment
  • ‘Nanoelectronic’ devices
  • Advanced coating
  • Battery manufacture
31
Q

State one feature of precious metal clay (PMC)

A

Microscopic particles of metals such as gold and silver are bound together in a pliable medium

  • Easily hand-shaped before firing in an oven at 700
32
Q

State one application of precious metal clay (PMC)

A

Jewellery
- Decorative items

33
Q

State how electrohydraulic forming work

A

Sheet metal is forced against a former by a shockwave from an electrical spark in a water tank

34
Q

State two advantages of electrohydraulic forming

A

Uses one-sided former
Fast
Great detail is possible
Material is evenly distributed

35
Q

State one application of electrohydraulic forming

A

Electrical appliance cases
- Car parts

36
Q

State how advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) works

A

A laser fuses metal particles, layer by layer

37
Q

State two advantages of advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)

A

Complex, strong and lightweight parts can be made
- Undercuts and internal voids are possible

38
Q

State one application of advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)

A

One-off prototypes and test parts

39
Q

State how fibre injection moulding work

A

Injection moulding using pellets of glass or carbon fibre filled polymers such as polyamide (nylon)

40
Q

State two advantages of fibre injection moulding

A

Parts produced are very strong, stiff, lightweight, and economical to mould
Facilitates sustainability by reusing carbon-fibre waste

41
Q

State one application of fibre injection moulding

A

Lightweight parts of aerospace and automotive
Sports equipment
Medical equipment

AQA A-Level Product Design Paper 2 (5 decks)

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