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Microbiology > Chapter 2- Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

describe the specificity of the innate immune system vs adaptive

A

-innate: specific
- adaptive: broad range

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2
Q

describe the receptors for innate immunity vs adaptive

A

-innate: encoded in germline
- adaptive: encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments

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3
Q

describe the distribution of receptors in innate immunity vs adaptive

A

-innate: nonclonal
- adaptive: clonal

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4
Q

what are the 2 principle types of reaction of the innate immune system

A
  • stimulate acute inflammation
  • anti-viral defenses
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5
Q

what happens in acute inflammation

A

accumulation of leukocytes, phagocytic cells, plasma proteins, and fluid derived from the blood at the extravascular tissue site of infection or injury

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6
Q

what are anti-viral defenses mediated by

A
  • NK cell mediated killing of virus infected cells
  • interferon alpha/beta
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7
Q

where are pattern recognition receptors found

A

-extracellular
- cytosolic
- endosomal

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8
Q

what are the types of pattern recognition receptors

A
  • toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  • NOD like receptors (NLRs)
  • RIG like receptors (RLRs)
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9
Q

what do Toll like receptors do

A

-acute inflammation
- stimulation of adaptive immunity
- antiviral state

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10
Q

what do NOD like receptors (NLRs) do

A

recognize PAMPs and DAMPs in the cytoplasm and recruit other proteins to form signaling complexes such as inflammasomes that promote inflammation

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11
Q

what do RIG like receptors (RLRs) do

A

cytosolic sensors of viral RNA that respond to viral nucleic acids by inducing production of the antiviral type 1 interferons

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12
Q

what do epithelial barriers do

A
  • physical barrier to infection
  • killing of microbes by locally produced antibiotics
  • killing of microbes and infected cells by intraepithelial lymphocytes
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13
Q

what do neutrophils do

A
  • circulating phagocytic cells
  • first cell type to respond to most infections
  • live only a few hours in tissues
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14
Q

what is the most abundant leukocyte in blood

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

what do monocytes do

A

differentiate into tissue macrophages after entering tissues

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16
Q

what do macrophages do

A

secrete cytokines that induce inflammation and ingest and destroy microbes
- live for long periods of time in tissues

17
Q

what do dendritic cells do and what is another name for them

A

-sentinel cells
- secrete cytokines
- present antigenic peptides to T cells

18
Q

where are mast cells found and what do they do

A
  • cytoplasmic granules
  • present in skin and mucosal epithelium
  • contain vasoactive amines
    -cause vasodilation and capillary permeability
19
Q

what do innate lymphoid cells do

A

produce cytokines but lack T cell antigen receptors (TCRs)

20
Q

what does the complement system do

A

induce inflammation, opsonize microbes enhancing their phagocytosis and cause osmotic lysis of microbes

21
Q

what molecules go to site of inflammation in the inflammatory response

A
  • neutrophils
    -macrophages
    -T lymphocytes
  • complement proteins
  • antibodies
22
Q

what is the sequence of events in migration of blood leukocytes to sites of infection

A
  • rolling
  • integrin activation by chemokines
  • stable adhesion
  • migration through endothelium
23
Q

what do NK cells do

A
  • kill virus infected cells
  • secrete interferon gamma which activates macrophages
24
Q

what happens to the NK cell if the inhibitory receptor is engaged

A

NK cell not activated, no cell killing

25
Q

what happens to the NK cell if the inhibitory receptor is not engaged

A

NK cell activated, killing of infected cell

26
Q

what are IFN alpha/beta (Type I interferons) secreted by and what do they do

A

secreted by virus infected cells
- induce anti viral state in surrounding cells

27
Q

what is the role of innate immunity in stimulating adaptive immune response

A

lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation

28
Q

what are extracellular bacteria and fungi combated by

A

acute inflammatory response where neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to the site of infection and by the complement system

29
Q

what are intracellular bacteria combated by

A

microbial killing functions of phagocytes are activated by toll like receptors and other sensors and cytokines

30
Q

what are viruses combated by

A

type 1 interferons and NK cells

Microbiology (39 decks)

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