8A: Memory disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

an organisms mental ability to store, retain and recall info
-Encoding or registration: attend to or maintain current sensory or internal info
-Storage: create permanent record of encoded info
-Retrieval or recall: bring back stored information in response to some cue

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2
Q

Short-term (working) memory

A

limited, active, transient traces of experiences that happened in the very recent past (no longer than a few seconds ago). It’s the “RAM” of human memory. Lasts about 2 second without rehearsal, but can be maintained with
rehearsal. Visual working memory is limited to about 3-4 objects.

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3
Q

Baddeley and Hitch model

A

a short-term/working memory model with three main components – the visuospatial sketchpad, which stores visuospatial
information, the phonological loop, which stores auditory information, and the
central executive, which performs operations on things stored in the sketchpad or
loop

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4
Q

dual-task paradigms

A

If two tasks can be completed with as much
efficiency (as quickly and easily) as one, they are likely to be drawing on
independent mental resources, e.g., auditory and visual tasks in working
memory can be done simultaneously, while two auditory or two visual
tasks show interference with each other.

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5
Q

Long-term memory

A

relatively permanent traces of experiences that happened more than 18-30 sec ago. It’s the “hard drive” of human memory.

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6
Q

Declarative/explicit memory

A

long-term memory that can be consciously
declared (facts)

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7
Q

Semantic memory

A

a type of declarative long term memory involving factual knowledge independent of time and place

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8
Q

Episodic memory

A

a type of declarative long term memory involving theoretical knowledge of a specific moment in time and place

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9
Q

Procedural/implicit memory

A

long-term memory involving memory for
procedures, skills, and actions; thought to be encoded by cerebellum and basal
ganglia

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10
Q

Amnesia

A

memory loss with the inability to imagine the future, which can be caused by
brain trauma, infection, surgery, or psychological factors

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11
Q

Temporally graded amnesia

A

In this type of amnesia, information acquired in
the distant past (remote memory) is spared relative to more recent memory. For
example, a 50-year-old patient with recent amnesia from head trauma might
maintain normal memories of his life until he was about 40, but might have
memory issues affecting years 41-50, with worsening memory closer to the time
of the amnesia-causing injury at 50. Thus the extent of the amnesia differs (i.e., is
graded) over time

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12
Q

Non-graded/temporally ungraded amnesia

A

In this type of amnesia,
information about a specific time frame of a patient’s life is abruptly missing with
no gradual change in memory quality at the ends of that time frame. A patient
may feel like a block of time is just missing, or may have an abrupt onset of
memory loss following an injury time point with subsequent anterograde amnesia

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13
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

memory loss where new events are not stored in long term memory (patient examples are H.M., Clive Wearing, and N.A.). H.M. has a small
amount of temporally graded retrograde amnesia, as well, affecting the time right before
his surgery.

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14
Q

Hippocampus

A

a “curly”, sea-horse-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, one on each side, which is very important in episodic memory and spatial navigation; patient H.M. had bilateral hippocampal structures plus some surrounding tissue removed in an attempt to treat his seizures.

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15
Q

Medial temporal lobe

A

the middle, inner section of the temporal lobe where much of the limbic system resides

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16
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

a ‘coincidence detector’ that changes neuron structure and is thought to underlie the formation of long term memories

17
Q

Amygdala

A

a structure located in the medial temporal lobe near the hippocampus that plays a key role in the emotions, such as fear and pleasure

18
Q

Dienchephalon

A

the curved portion of the brain that includes the thalamus and mammillary bodies and is part of the limbic system

19
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain, that form part of the limbic system; they play a role in memory formation – patient example is N.A.

20
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

an irreversible syndrome characterized by abnormal eye movements, loss of coordination, tremors, confusion, confabulation, apathy, and severe anterograde and some retrograde memory impairment. It is usually caused by vitamin deficiency in alcoholism, or lesions to thalamus and mammillary bodies

21
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss with the inability to recall some memory or memories of the past, beyond ordinary forgetfulness (patient example is Benjaman Kyle). Retrograde amnesia is usually temporally graded. The extent of retrograde
amnesia can be relatively short and encompass only one or two years, or it can be more
extensive and cover decades.

22
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

temporary memory loss, generally for less than 24 hours, loss that can’t be attributed to a more common neurological condition, such as epilepsy or stroke.