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N165 Brain Disorders > Unit 1a: Intro and Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Unit 1a: Intro and Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

gyrus

A

a ‘ridge’ of cerebral cortex

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2
Q

sulcus

A

a ‘valley’ of cerebral cortex

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3
Q

cortical sheet

A

the outer, surface covering of cerebral cortex, composed of gray matter (neuron cell bodies)

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

the small, highly ridged portion of brain that sits inferior to the cerebral cortex and posterior to the brainstem

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5
Q

anterior

A

towards the front of the brain

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6
Q

posterior

A

towards the back of the brain

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7
Q

superior

A

towards the top of the brain

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8
Q

inferior

A

towards the bottom of the brain

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9
Q

lateral

A

the lateral view of the brain would show the surface of a cerebral hemisphere under the ears

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10
Q

medial

A

the medial view of the brain would be the inner surface of a cerebral hemisphere

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11
Q

dorsal

A

towards the top of the brain (towards the back surface of the body in the brainstem and spinal cord)

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12
Q

ventral

A

towards the bottom of the brain (towards belly surface of the body in the brainstem and spinal cord)

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13
Q

rostral

A

towards the front of the brain (towards the top surface of the body in the brainstem and spinal cord; rostral means “beak”

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14
Q

caudal

A

towards the back of the brain (towards the bottom surface of the body in the brainstem and spinal cord; caudal means “tail”)

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15
Q

sagittal

A

a vertical slice of the brain cut down the center, from anterior to posterior, giving a view from left or right

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16
Q

coronal

A

a vertical slice of the brain cut from superior to inferior, giving a view from the front or back of the brain

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17
Q

axial

A

a horizontal slice of the brain cut from left to right, giving a view from the top or bottom of the brain

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18
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

is composed of the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Peripheral nervous system (ANS)

A

a subdivision of the PNS that controls visceral functions; includes parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

20
Q

Cranial nerves

A

a set of 12 specialized nerves that act as the PNS (motor control and sensory info) to the head and neck

21
Q

Meninges

A

the three protective layers of tissue between the brain and the skull

22
Q

Dura mater

A

the durable, leathery outer protective layer of the meninges

23
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

the spider web-like middle protective layer of the meninges that is filled with cerebral spinal fluid

24
Q

Pia mater

A

the thin, shiny, inner protective layer of the meninges that “shrink- wraps” the brain

25
Q

Frontal lobe

A

the anterior portion of cerebral cortex, involved in emotion, cognition, and executive control

26
Q

Parietal lobe

A

the superior posterior portion of cerebral cortex, superior to the occipital and temporal lobes, posterior to the frontal lobe

27
Q

Temporal lobe

A

the inferior portion of cerebral cortex, anterior to the occipital lobe and inferior to the others

28
Q

Occipital lobe

A

the posterior portion of cerebral cortex, primarily involved in vision processing

29
Q

Central sulcus

A

the sulcus dividing the frontal and parietal lobes, surrounded on each side by motor and sensory cortex

30
Q

Lateral fissure

A

the gap that divides the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes; a fissure is another name for a larger sulcus

31
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

the sulcus that divides the parietal and occipital lobes

32
Q

Pre-occipital notch

A

the notch that serves as the bottom point of the imaginary dividing line between the temporal and occipital lobes; the top of the parieto-occipital sulcus is the top point

33
Q

Brodmann’s Areas

A

50 cytoarchitectural areas defined by neuroanatomist Brodmann according to cell size, cell density, number and thickness of cortical
layers, and density of myelinated axons; numbering system is becoming less common as neuroimaging measurements take over tissue histology

34
Q

Gray matter

A

outer ‘bark’ of the cerebral cortex composed of neuronal cell bodies; this is where computations happen; much of cortex consists of six layers

35
Q

White matter

A

inner region of cerebral cortex composed of the axons of the neurons with cell bodies in the gray matter; can be thought of as the ‘wiring’ connection different regions of gray matter

36
Q

Neuron

A

the basic cell in the brain that processes and transmits information in the form of electrical and chemical signals

37
Q

Dendrite

A

the branched portion of a neuron which receives inputs from synapses with other cells and sends small depolarizations towards the cell body

38
Q

Cell body

A

the “main” portion of a cell that contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles necessary for the cell to survive

39
Q

Axon hillock

A

the base of the axon, where it meets the cell body of the neuron; action potentials are initiated here

40
Q

Axon

A

the long cell structure that carries depolarization (action potentials) away from the cell body of a neuron to the synapse

41
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

the small gaps between myelin sheaths in myelinated axons involved in fast action potential propagation down the axon

42
Q

synapse

A

the region/space which information flows across from one neuron to another neuron; space between neurons can be called the synaptic cleft

43
Q

Axon terminal

A

the very end of a branch of a neuron’s axon, specialized to release neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synapse in response to an action
potential

44
Q

Glial cell

A

surround neurons in CNS and PNS and provide myelination as well as other support for them; most abundant cell types in CNS. Types differ between
CNS and PNS - CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia; PNS: satellite cells, Schwann cells

45
Q

Myelin sheath

A

a layer of protective tissue wrapped around axons of neurons to hasten the transmission of action potentials

46
Q

Neuronal communication

A

includes electrical conduction (action potential) along the axon and chemical transmission via neurotransmitter release at the synapse

47
Q

Corpus callosum

A

the main connection of white matter that is integral for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

N165 Brain Disorders (19 decks)

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