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Microbiology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Provides the initial defense against infection:

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

List the mechanisms of the innate immune systems that function function to prevent infections:

List the mechanisms of the innate immune system that function to eliminate microbes:

A

Epithelial barriers

Phagocytes, NK cells, complement system

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3
Q

Immune function that develops later and is mediated by lymphocytes and their products:

A

Adaptive immunity

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4
Q

When B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that block infections and eliminate extracellular micrcobes:

A

Humoral immunity

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5
Q

When T lymphocytes eradicate intracellular microbes:

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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6
Q

In humoral immunity ______ secrete antibodies that blocked infections and eliminate _____

A

B lymphocytes; extracellular microbes

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7
Q

In cell-medicated immunity, ____ eradicate _____

A

T lymphocytes; intracellular microbes

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8
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, ____ eliminate phagocytosed (ingested) microbes:

A

Helper T cells

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9
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, _______ kill infected cells & eliminated reservoirs of infection:

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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10
Q

When lymphocyte clones with diverse receptors arise in primary lymphoid organs:

A

Clonal selection

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11
Q

A population of lymphocytes with identical antigen receptors (same specificity); all derived from same precursor cell:

A

Clone

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12
Q

Clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter:

A

Lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

Antigen-specific clones are activated by:

A

Antigens

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14
Q

What does it mean when antigen-specific clones are “activated” by antigens

A

They are selected for

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15
Q

When antigen-specific clones are selected for/activated by antigen, this stimulates:

A

Proliferation & differentiation of that clone

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16
Q

After proliferation & differentiation of the clone (during clonal selection) what occurs?

A

Antigen-specific immune response

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17
Q

What do we mean by antigen-specific immune response occurring?

A

Antibodies are generated

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18
Q

Mediators of humoral immunity:

A

B lymphocytes

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19
Q

Mediators of cell-mediated immunity:

A

T lymphocytes

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20
Q

Mediators of innate immunity:

A

Natural killer cells

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21
Q

Capture antigens for display to lymphocytes:

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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22
Q

List the lymphocytes that function in specific recognition of antigens:

A

B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
NK cells

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23
Q

List the antigen-presenting cells:

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B-lymphocytes

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24
Q

Primary activator on naive T cells:

A

Dendritic cells

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25
Q

Responsible for the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity:

A

Macrophages

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26
Q

Responsible for antigen presentation to helper T cells in humoral (antibody) immune response:

A

B-lymphocytes

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27
Q

Effector cells function in the:

A

elimination of antigens

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28
Q

List the effector cells of the immune system:

A

T-lypmhocytes
Macrophages (& monocytes)
Granulocytes

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29
Q

What do T-lymphocyts, Macrophages (& monocytes) & granulocytes all have in common?

A

Function to eliminate antigens

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30
Q

What are the three types of receptors that macrophages contain?

A
  1. C3b
  2. PAMP
  3. Fc
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31
Q

List the two types of granulocytes that function in the elimination of antigens (effector cells):

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
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32
Q

In the process of capture and presentation of antigens, list the steps immature dendritic cells go through:

A
  1. Immature dendritic cells in the epithelium capture microbrial antigens
  2. They become activated
  3. They leave the epithelium
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33
Q

Antigens by dendritic cells from the _____ & taken to the _____ (where the immune response is initiated)

A

Site of infection; lymph node

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34
Q

In capture & presentation of antigens via dendritic cells, where is the immune response initiated?

A

Lymph node

35
Q

Dendritic cells are attracted by ______ produced in lymphatics and migrate to ____

A

Chemokines; draining lymph nodes

36
Q

In response to the TLR signals & cytokines (induced by the microbe) the dendritic cells mature & acquire the ability to _____ in the nodes:

A

Present antigens to naive T lymphocytes

37
Q

Dendritic cells at different stages of their maturation express:

A

Different membrane proteins

38
Q

Cells that express surface receptors that capture microbial antigens:

A

Immature dendritic cells

39
Q

Cells that express lots of MHC molecules and co-stimnulators to stimulate T cells:

A

Mature dendritic cells

40
Q

What do immature dendritic cells express?

What do mature dendritic cells express?

A

Immature: surface receptors

Mature: MHC molecules & co-stimulators

41
Q

What do the MHC molecules & co-stimulators expressed by mature dendritic cells stimulate?

A

T cells

42
Q

Naive T lymphocytes migrate from the _____ through _____ into the T cell zones of the _____

A

Blood; endothelial venues; lymph nodes

43
Q

Why do B cells not have to travel to the site of infection?

A

They already in the circulation

44
Q

Describe the pathway activated T-cells travel:

A

Exit the nodes, enter the bloodstream, & migrate preferentially to peripheral tissues at sites of infection & inflammation

45
Q

What components of the innate immune system comprise the epithelial barriers?

A
  1. Keratin
  2. Secreted mucus
  3. Tight junctions
46
Q

A physical barrier to infection of the innate immune system:

A

Epithelial barrier

47
Q

The epithelial barrier of the innate immune system kills microbes by:

A

Locally produced antibiotics (defensins)

48
Q

In innate immune system, the killing of microbes and infected cells may occur by:

A

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (of the epithelial barrier)

49
Q

Circulating phagocytic cell, most abundant leukocyte in the blood:

A

Neutrophils

50
Q

Circulate the blood and differentiate into macrophages after entering tissues:

A

Monocytes

51
Q

When do monocytes mature into macrophages?

A

After entering tissues

52
Q

Secrete cytokines and induce inflammation; ingest and kill microbes:

A

Monocytes/macrophages

53
Q

Cells that secrete cytokines & present antigenic peptides to T cells:

A

Dendritic cells

54
Q

Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages & dendritic cells are all:

A

Phagocytes

55
Q

Kill virus-infected cells and secrete interferon-gamma

A

NK cells

56
Q

What is the interferon-gamma that is secreted by NK cells & what does it do?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokine which activates macrophages

57
Q

Functions to:

  1. Induce inflammation
  2. Opsonize microbes, enhancing their phagocytosis
  3. Cause osmotic lysis of microbes
A

Complement

58
Q

Type I interferons, alpha & beta function to:

A

Induce antiviral state in surrounding cells

59
Q

What secretes type-I interferons (alpha & beta):

A

Virus-infected cells

60
Q

What are the two types of reactions innate immunity?

A
  1. Reactions that stimulate acute inflammation
  2. Reactions that function in anti-viral defenses
61
Q

Reaction of the innate immune system that stimulates acute inflammation involves:

A

The accumulation of leukocytes, phagocytic cells, plasma proteins & fluid derived from the blood at an extravascular tissue site of infection

62
Q

The anti-viral defenses mediated by the innate immune system are mediated by:

A

NK cell-mediated killing of virus-infected cells

63
Q

How do the ants-viral defense of the innate innate immune system mediated by NK cells function?

A

Interferon alpha/beta bind to receptors on surrounding veils & induce anti-viral state in those cells

64
Q

Upon the binding of PAMPs & DAMPs to PRRs on the cells of innate immunity , _____ & ____ derived from resident cells in the tissue create REVERSIBLE changes in blood vessels in the damaged area:

A

Cytokines & small mediators

65
Q

List three changes that occur during an inflammatory response:

A
  1. Increased blood flow into tissue due to arteriolar dilation
  2. Increased adhesiveness of circulating leukocytes to the endothelial wall
  3. Increased permeability of capillaries and venules to plasma proteins and fluid
66
Q

In an inflammatory response the changes the changes in blood vessels allow for:

A

Inflammatory cells, leukocytes, etc. to exit the blood & enter the tissue

67
Q

During the induction of cell-mediated immunity, what occurs in the lymphoid organ?

A

Antigen recognition

68
Q

During the induction of cell-mediated immunity, activated T cells undergo:

A

Proliferation & differentiation

69
Q

During the induction of cell-mediated immunity, ______ enter the circulation:

A

Differentiated effector T cells

70
Q

Following the induction phase of cell-mediated immunity, what is the next step?

A

Migration of effector T cells & other leukocytes to site of infection/antigen

71
Q

In the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity, _______ produced at the SITE OF INFECTION activate ____ of nearby venues, causing the expression of molecules on cell surface to make cells “stickier”

A

Cytokine; endothelial cells

72
Q

In the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity, where are the cytokines produced?

A

At the site of infection

73
Q

What is the role of cytokines in the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cytokines cause all T-cells to migrate (NOT antigen specific)

74
Q

In the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity, ______ mediate weak tethering and rolling of neutrophils:

A

Selectins

75
Q

In the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity, ______ mediate firm adhesion of neutrophils:

A

Integrin (ligands)

76
Q

In the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity, ____ activate neutrophils and stimulate migration to the site of infection:

A

Chemokines

77
Q

Where do effector T-cells encounter antigens?

A

In peripheral tissues

78
Q

When the effector T-cells eoctouner antigens in peripheral tissue they are now:

A

Antigen-specific at site of infection

79
Q

Effector T-cells with specific receptor for antigen on microbe will:

Effector T-cells without specific receptor for antigen on microbe will:

A

Bind to macrophage

Die or re-enter circulation

80
Q

What happens following the effector T-cells encountering antigens in peripheral tissue?

A

Activation of effector T cells

81
Q

_______ activate phagocytes to destroy microbes, as well as activate B cells:

A

CD4+ helper T cells

82
Q

_____ kill infected cells:

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells

83
Q

The process of the induction & effector phases of cell-mediated immunity include:

  1. Antigen recognition in ____
  2. ______ expansion & differentiation
  3. Differentiated effector T-cells _____
  4. Migration of effector T-cells & other leukocytes to ______
  5. Effector T-cells encounter antigens in _____
  6. _____ of effector T-cells
  7. T cell _____
A
  1. lymphoid organs
  2. T-Cell
  3. Enter circulation
  4. Site of infection
  5. Peripheral tissues
  6. Activation
  7. Effector functions

Microbiology (22 decks)

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