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Endo > Sex Hormones (Dragatsis) > Flashcards

Sex Hormones (Dragatsis) Flashcards

1
Q

all sec hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

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2
Q

describe the synthesis of testosterone

A

cholesterol → pregnenolone → progesterone (via 3-beta HSD) → testosterone

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3
Q

describe the synthesis of estradiol

A

cholesterol → pregnenolone → progesterone (via 3-beta HSD) → testosterone → estradiol (via aromatase)

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4
Q

describe the synthesis of dihydrotestosterone

A

cholesterol → pregnenolone → progesterone (via 3-beta HSD) → testosterone → dihydrotestosterone (via 5alpha-reductase)

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5
Q

What is the optimal temp needed for spermatogeneisis?

A

<37 C (2 degrees less than body temp)

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6
Q

How is the optimal temp for spermatogenesis maintained?

A
  1. pampiniform plexus acts as a countercurrent heat exhanger for the blood as it enters the testes
  2. the testes can be moved via the cremaster muscle to bring them closer to the body when it is cold (↓ surface area)
  3. sweating
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7
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands?

A

bulbourethral glands
seminal vesicles
prostate

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8
Q

what is in the seminal vesicle fluid?

A

PGs, fructose, citric acid

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9
Q

semen =

A

sperm + secretions (from SV and prostate)

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10
Q

spermine

A

fluid in prostste

slightly alkaline, increases sperm motility and neutralizes acidic vagina

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11
Q

What are the primary male sex organs and secondary male sex organs?

A

primary = testes

secondary = epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra (and penis), accessory glands (bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, prostate )

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12
Q

What are secondary male sex characteristics?

A

changes observed (at the beginning of puberty) in hair growth, body shape, voice

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13
Q

Are all male pubertal changes are irreversible?

A

no, spermatogenesis, size, secretions and content can change/reverse to pre-pubertal stage

*voice and height do not change, libido, muscle mass and hair growth can slowly reverse

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14
Q

What hormones are required for spermatogenesis?

A

directly: FSH and T (at high conc)
indirectly: LH (to stim ↑↑ T) and GnRH (to stim ↑↑ LH and FSH)

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15
Q

site of action for FSH and T in males

A

sertoli cells

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16
Q

function of sertoli cells

A
  1. stimulate spermatogenesis
  2. nourish sperm
  3. protect sperm (provide barrier to many chemicals)
  4. make inhibin (negatively feedback on FSH production)
  5. secrete luminal fluid
  6. phagocytosis of dead or defective sperm
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17
Q

What are 2 notable products of sertoli cells

A

inhibin and ABP

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18
Q

what stimulates the production of testosterone

A

LH

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19
Q

secretion rhythm of testosterone

A

pulsitile (bc GnRH is and ∴ LH and ∴ T)

**note, realive to the changes of gonadotrophins in females over a month, LH, FSH, and T in males are RELATIVELY stable

20
Q

In some target tissued T must be converted to _______ in order to reach the nucleus and produce androgenic effect

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

21
Q

What are the androgenic effects that are mediated by DHT

A

Fetal formation of prostate and external genitalia require what hormone

pubertal enlargement of prostate, hair changes, acne

22
Q

What enzyme converts T to DHT

A

5alpha reductase

23
Q

What sex hormone is predominantly secreted by the testes?

A

T

24
Q

What sex hormone is secreted by the adrenals?

A

estradiol

25
Q

What sex hormones are converted from precursors? Name the precursors

A

DHT (from T)

Estradiol (from T)

26
Q

What are the androgenic effects that are mediated by T (i.e. does not need to be converted to DHT)

A

pubertal growth of skeletal muscle, penis, and scrotum

libido

27
Q

Testosterone is metabolized by … and excreted in/as….

A

liver (glucuronated and sulfonated)

urine as 17-ketosteroids

28
Q

What % of T is free in the blood

A

3%

29
Q

What is T bound to in the blood?

A

70% to SHBG and 30% albumin

30
Q

T reaches these cells via luminal fluid NOT blood

A

epididymis

**bound to ABP

31
Q

What substance causes negatively feedback for LH?

A

Testosterone

32
Q

What substance causes negatively feedback for FSH?

A

inhibin (secreted by sertoli cells)

acts on PITUITARY

*T does this weakly

33
Q

Effect of T on the skin

A

predisposes to acne by stimulating production of thick secretion

stimulates pubic, axillay, and fascial hair growth
stimulates hair recession

34
Q

negative feedback regulator od GnRF

A

T and estrogens

35
Q

What effect do estrogens have on GnRH secretion

A

decrease the pulse frequency of release

36
Q

It takes large amounts of androgens (T) to shut off ______ and cause the balls to shrink. Specifically what part of dude’s junk is shrinking when they OD on androgens

A

FSH

absent FSH causes the seminiferous tubules to shrink

37
Q

How to male sex hormones change as they age?

A

↓T = there is less negative feedback so LH and FSH ↑; estrogen also ↑

38
Q

In an old man, SGBH ↑ or ↓

A

↑ (less free T)

39
Q

what are the primary and secondary female sex organs?

A

primary = ovaries

secondary = oviducts, uterus, vagina, accessory glands (mucous and mammary?

40
Q

skipping the stages of the ovary/follicle

A

bc dr nutting covered it more in depth

41
Q

estrogen is produced in the…

A

ovaries (specifically the follicles and especially the dominant follicle)

42
Q

Again, skipping the menstrual cycle slide

A

bc dr nutting covered it more in depth

43
Q

effects of low E on hypothalamus and pit

A

inhibits LF and FSH (GnRH inhibited too)

44
Q

effects of high E on hypothalamus and pit

A

simulates (GnRH→) LH and FSH and leads to mud cycle LH surge that causes ovulation

**very high E is inhibitory and was ∴ used for BC but due to the whole breast cancer thing that was stopped

45
Q

effect of low E and progesterone on hypothalamus and pit

A

inhibits LF and FSH (GnRH inhibited too)

*todays BC

46
Q

Effects of estrogen on female “configuration” of the body

A

widens hips; increases fat and changes distribution

Endo (28 decks)

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