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diet & nutrition > Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand and relived with the reduction of that demand.

A

Stable angina

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2
Q

The cascade of events in which plaque ulcerates, inflammation occurs, platelet aggregate, and thrombi form further diminishes the blood supply. As a result, platelets release Thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor, causing the arteries to spasm. The spasms triggers an unrelenting cycle of more platelet aggression and more spasms. Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency or intensity. This change in pain which is known as__________is considered a pre-infarction State.

A

Unstable angina

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3
Q

Refers to an inflammation of the pericardium the sac that surrounds and protects and supports the heart.

A

Pericarditis

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4
Q

This inflammation is most commonly triggered by viral infections but may also result from other infections, thoracic trauma (surgery, radiation, accidents) myocardial infarction, malignancy, tuberculosis, uremia, autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma)

A

Pericarditis

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5
Q

In this inflammatory process, fluid shifts from the capillaries to the space between the pericardial sac and the heart.

A

Pericarditis

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6
Q

Clinical manifestations of pericarditis

A

Pericardial friction rub
Sharp, sudden severe chest pain
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Edema
Flulike symptoms

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7
Q

Following risk factors render patients more vulnerable to development of infective endocarditis

A

IV drug use or presence of an IV for an extended period of time
Valvular disorders
Prosthetic heart valves
Implanted cardiac devices
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Marfan syndrome
Immunodeficiency states

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8
Q

Valvular disorders may have a number of causes

A

Rheumatic fever

Infective endocarditis

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9
Q

Is death of the myocardium from a sudden blockage of coronary blood flow

A

Myocardial infarction

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10
Q

This blockage exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm

A

MI myocardial infarction

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11
Q

The trigger for an ____ is not always known, but such events may occur after physical exertion, while sleeping or resting, during outside activity in cold weather, and with severe emotional stress.

A

MI myocardial infarction

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12
Q

Other names for an ____, include heart attack and acute coronary syndrome

A

MI

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13
Q

Cardiovascular disease including CAD, is the leading cause of death in the United States, and death usually results from cardiac damage after an ______.

A

MI myocardial infarction

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14
Q

Some people do not experience symptoms of MI, such asymptomatic MI is known as a _____?

A

Silent MI

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15
Q

Clinical manifestations of an MI

A

Unstable angina
Fatigue
Nausea vomiting
Coughing
SOB
Diaphoresis
Indigestion
EKG changes
Anxiety
Syncope
Dizziness
Sleep disturbance

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16
Q

Treatment for an MI

A

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitro
Aspirin

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17
Q

Causes for dysrhythmias

A

Acid base imbalances
Hypoxia
Congenital heart defects
Connective tissue disorders
Degeneration of connective tissues
Drug toxicity
Electrolyte imbalances
Stress
MI
Myocardial ischemia or infarction

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18
Q

All cardiac muscle cells can initiate impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the

A

SA node

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19
Q

The _____ automatically generates impulses from 60 to 100 beats per minute

A

SA node

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20
Q

The intrinsic rate of impulses in the _____ is 40 to 60 bpm

A

AV node

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21
Q

The _______ can generate impulses at 20 to 40 beats per minute

A

Ventricles

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22
Q

On an EKG reading, atrial contraction is represented by depolarization in the _______, and ventricular contraction is represented by depolarization in the large ______ complex

A

P wave

QRS

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23
Q

The ______ represents Repolarization or recovery, of the ventricles

A

T wave

24
Q

Walls of the arteries can weaken because of high pressure, plaque, and infections. These weakened areas balloon outward, a condition known as

A

Aneurysm

25
Q

Are the most common type of aneurysm, although they can occur anywhere along the aorta, the abdominal section is the most common site.

A

Aortic aneurysms

26
Q

The most common type of cerebral aneurysm is

A

Saccular

27
Q

Risk factors for developing aneurysms

A

Congenital weakening of the arterial wall
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes
Emphysema
Tobacco
Alcoholism
Obesity
Advanced age
Trauma
Infection (syphillis and tuberculosis)
Copper deficiency

28
Q

Can present with a pulsating mass, abdominal back pain, and lower extremity cyanosis

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysms

29
Q

Refers to a thrombus in an inflamed vein, most often in legs

Vein inflammation resulting from a thrombus

Also associated with varicose veins

Raynaud disease

A

Thrombophlebitis

30
Q

A prolonged elevation in blood pressure

A

Hypertension

31
Q

Is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CAD, MI, heart failure, and stroke)

A

Hypertension

32
Q

Was classified as a blood pressure reading 140/90 in adults, but the new guidelines define it as 130/80

A

Hypertension

33
Q

In most cases 95% of adults, there is no identifiable cause. This type of hypertension is called

A

Primary hypertension or essential hypertension

34
Q

Other cases of hypertension are caused by an underlying condition. This type of hypertension is called

A

Secondary hypertension

35
Q

Is called the silent killer because many people do not have any symptoms

A

Hypertension

36
Q

Describes a state in which blood pressure is greater than 180/120 in an individual who is relatively asymptomatic and there is no evidence of end organ failure

A

Hypertensive urgency

37
Q

Describes a state in which blood pressure is greater than 180/120 in an individual who is symptomatic and/or has evidence of end organ failure

A

Hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension

38
Q

If atherosclerosis has developed in the femoral or lower extremity arteries, leg cramps when walking _________ are usually the presenting symptom

A

Intermittent claudication

39
Q

Also referred to as Coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease, is a narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplying the myocardium, usually caused by atherosclerosis

A

Coronary artery disease CAD

40
Q

Most common type of heart disease in the United States

A

CAD

41
Q

Despite great advancements in treatment, cardiovascular disease including ______ remains the leading death in the United States and worldwide for men and women.

A

CAD

42
Q

Is the leading cause of myocardial infarction

A

CAD

43
Q

With this type of disease more than 50% of the coronary artery is occluded

A

Obstructive CAD

44
Q

The large arteries are narrowed by plaque, but the occlusion is less than 50%

A

Non obstructive CAD

45
Q

Clinical manifestations of CAD

A

Angina that radiates to other locations (jaw, neck, arm, or back)
Indigestion
Nausea/vomiting
Cool clammy extremities
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Weakness
Sleep disturbances

46
Q

In __________, the myocardium becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid.

A

Cardiomyopathy

47
Q

The _______ reflects the rapidly growing knowledge base regarding genetic mutations, acquired causes, and further conditions involved in the development of cardiomyopathies

A

MOGE classification

48
Q

Develops when the ventricles become enlarged and weakened and the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

49
Q

Is very common affecting 1 and 500 people in the United States.
Affects both systolic and diastolic function.
Hypertension, obstructive valvular disease, and thyroid disease increase the risk for developing this disorder

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

50
Q

Is a common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people, especially athletes

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

51
Q

This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by rigidity of the ventricles, but the myocardium does not thicken .

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

52
Q

Normal electrical conduction is referred to as ________, where as deviations from normal are referred to as ________.

A

Sinus rhythm

Dysrthmias or arrthymias

53
Q

In ______, the fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity to the point that it compresses the heart.

A

Cardiac tamponade

54
Q

Sudden acute cardiac tamponade presents much like cardiogenic shock, with hypertension, jugular vein distention, and muffled heart sounds a group of symptoms known as the

A

Beck triad

55
Q

Most often this condition is caused by atherosclerosis that is located in the arteries, but it can also be caused by a thrombus, inflammation (thromboangitis obliterans) or Vasospasm (raynaud disease and raynaud phenomenon)

A

Peripheral vascular disease

56
Q

Refers to a narrowing of the peripheral vessels

A

PVD

57
Q

Refers to the narrowing of the peripheral vessels

A

Peripheral vascular disease

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