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Micro > Humoral Immunity > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

which Ig is main defense in saliva, which cells produce it, and how do they act

A

IgA, plasma cells produce IgA in salivary glands and inhibit attachment of oral species to epithelial cells

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2
Q

what are the three function of antibodies or Ig that don’t involve complement system

A
  • neutralization of microbes and toxins
  • opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
  • antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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3
Q

what are the three function of antibodies or Ig that use complement activation

A
  • lysis of microbes
  • phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments
  • inflammation
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4
Q

which region(s) of Ig is needed for neutralization

A

variable region

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5
Q

which region(s) of Ig is needed for elimination

A

variable and constant region

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6
Q

both neutralization and elimination are triggered by what:

A

binding of antigen to variable regions

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7
Q

what kind of antibodies are the most effective

A

antibodies with high affinity for antigens

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8
Q

IgG is generally found where

A

blood

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9
Q

IgA is generally found where

A

mucosa

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10
Q

for neutralization, binding molecules on microbes required for infection cells/tissues does what

A

blocks colonization

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11
Q

antibody binding microbes can stop it from doing what two things

A

passing through epithelial barriers, and binding to individual cells to infect them

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12
Q

T/F antibody can bind to toxins and block binding to cellular receptor

A

True

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13
Q

what does FcR bind

A

constant region of Ig

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14
Q

what happens to FcR that results in cellular activation

A

FcR clustering

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15
Q

clustering of FcR requires recognition of what

A

multivalent antigen by Ig

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16
Q

FcyRI/IIA promotes what

A

phagocytosis of Ig-coated microbes by phagocytes (IgG)

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17
Q

FcyRIIIA (CD16) induces what

A

killing of Ig-coated infected cells by NK cells (ADCC)

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18
Q

FceRI induces what

A

degranulation of mast cells (IgE)

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19
Q

what is meant by multivalent antigen

A

antigen that can bind multiple Ig

20
Q

how is helminth killed

A
  1. FceRI binds Fc portion of IgE-coated helminth
  2. triggers degranulation of toxic mediators that kill helminth
21
Q

do FceRI and IgE target infected cells when killing helminth?

A

nope. do not target infected cells

22
Q

which cells are coated with IgE specific for allergens, and with FcR is involved

A

mast cells and basophils
FceRI

23
Q

what happens to FceRI that is bound to IgE by multivalent allergen that triggers degranulation

A

clustering of FceRI

24
Q

activation of complement involves what

A

the sequential proteolysis of proteins to generate enzymes (zymogens)with proteolytic activity

25
Q

products of complement activation covalently bind what:

A

-microbial surface
- Ab bound to microbes
- Ab bound to tissues

26
Q

in the complement pathway, plasma proteins are activated by what

A

microbes

27
Q

what does the complement pathway result in

A

phagocytosis, inflammation, and destruction of microbes

28
Q

mammalian cells express proteins that block what

A

block complement fixation and subsequent activation

29
Q

what are the three complement pathways

A
  1. classical
  2. alternative
  3. lectin
30
Q

what is the alternative pathway triggered by

A

C3b binding to microbial surfaces

31
Q

how do Factor D and Factor B interact in alternative pathway

A

Factor D cleaves Factor B

32
Q

what does Bb do in alternative pathway

A

an enzyme able to cleave C3 into C3 and C3b

33
Q

what is C3b also known as

A

opsonin

34
Q

what is C3a also known as

A

anaphylatoxin (leukocyte recruitment and activation)

35
Q

what is classical pathway triggered by

A

binding of C1 to microbe-bound antibodies (IgG, IgM)

36
Q

what is the first component of the MAC (membrane attack complex)

A

C5b

37
Q

what is the lectin pathway triggered by

A

binding of circulating lectins (MBL) to microbe polysaccharides (mannose)

38
Q

what is the most important step in complement activation

A

cleavage of C3 by C3 convertase

39
Q

what is the net result of the complement pathway

A

coating of microbes with C3b (opsonin)

40
Q

what is the late step of the complement pathway

A

formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

41
Q

which proteins are involved with the MAC

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9

42
Q

what specifically does C9 do

A

multiple C9 form a pore - this causes osmotic swelling because H2O rushes into the cell

43
Q

which microbe is especially susceptible to the MAC and why

A

Neisseria due to thin cell wall

44
Q

how is complement activation regulated

A

plasma and membrane proteins prevent complement fixation at the surface of mammalian cells

45
Q

what are the three general function of the complement system

A
  1. opsonization and phagocytosis (C3b protein)
  2. complement-mediated cytolysis (MAC causes osmotic lysis of microbes)
  3. stimulation of inflammatory reactions (anaphylatoxins)
46
Q

which anaphylatoxin is most potent

A

C5a
then C3a, then C4a

47
Q

what do the anaphylatoxins increase

A

extravasation (movement of WBCs into tissues) of plasma proteins and monocyte/neutrophils
- which leads to increase in microbicidal activities

Micro (15 decks)

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