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RESIT FLASHCARDS > MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

DESCRIBE A GRAM POSITIVE CELL

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane

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2
Q

DESCRIBE A GRAM NEGATIVE CELL

A

Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and have an outer lipid membrane.

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3
Q

what components can make up LPS/what is involved in it?

A

Fever, endotoxin, sepsis/septic shock

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4
Q

what is the microbiome

A

micro-organisms in an associated env

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5
Q

what does endogenous mean

A

always present, commensal (not harmful), part of the normal microbiome. We can have MISPLACED infections which means i goes from a non-sterile to a sterile environment eg mouth to blood! an example would be S.anginosus. Also, we can have CHANGES in infection ie introduction of antibiotics!

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6
Q

what does exogenous mean

A

not the normal flora, from outside the body

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7
Q

describe kochs postulates

A

present in every case of disease - ABSENT IN HEALTH. it is the germ theory of disease/the basis for demonstrating cause of disease.

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8
Q

what bacteria is dominated by the oral cavity?

A

STREPTOCOCCI

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9
Q

what is the virulence

A

it is the capacity of microbe to cause damage to the host

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10
Q

describe the stages in a fever

A

antigen interacts with the macrophage, macrophage release cytokines into blood stream, cytokines travel to hypothalamus, increased body temp, body shivers to conserve heat

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11
Q

describe the stages in sepsis

A

vessels become leaky, lower blood volume, poor oxygen perfusion to organs which shut down to help the brain, blood clotting system activates, sepsis leads to septic shock

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12
Q

describe features of STAPHYLOCOCCUS

A

it is gram positive, found in moist areas like the perineum and nose. staphylococcus can cause TSS-1 (toxic shock syndrome causing antigen), coagulase adhesion, PVL-toxin.

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13
Q

what can the super antigen TSS-1 cause

A

stops t cells processing antigen, overstimulation of t cells occurs, this causes a massive inappropriate immune response meaning damage to the host

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14
Q

describe symptoms/onesets of toxic shock syndrome

A

fever, rash, hypotension, decreased blood perfusion into tissues, ultimately leading to death.

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15
Q

what causes toxic shock syndrome

A

bacteria in the perineum, bacteria colonises to tampon, toxin is absorbed through the tampon, S.AUREUS causes it

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16
Q

describe the PVL toxin

A

damages skin and deeper tissues, community associated s.areus (CASA - only casa has the PVL toxin! ), it kills leukocytes (WBC’S) - resulting in recurrent infections ie severe skin infections, necrotising fascitis - THIS CAN LEAD TO NECROTIZING PNEUMONIA

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17
Q

describe nectrotizing pneumonia

A

it is spread around the body and enters the LUNGS, nectrotising means tissue death, hypoxia means death, it can cause multi organ failure due to lack of oxygen

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18
Q

what are the treatment options for s.areus

A

has beta-lactamase - antibiotic needs betalactamase inhibitor

NO resistance - fluxocillin OR erythromycin - IF ALLERGY

if MRSA - vancomycin, co-amoxyclav

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19
Q

describe features of STREPTOCOCCUS

A

GAS, gram positive, skin infections, caries , ORAL CAVITY DOMINATION s.pyogenes!!!

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20
Q

describe features of GAS

A

beta-haemolytic (means it destroys RBC’S), it affects the bodies ability to transport 02 nutrients round the cardiovascular system - inadequate 02 to tissues!

21
Q

describe what happens during IMPETIGO, CELLULITIS, NECTOTIZING FACSITIS (GAS SKIN DISEASES)

A

impetigo is a contagious skin infection in children and it occurs superficially, it then can go deeper into cellulitis - this is deeper to skin, an influx of immune cells resulting in oedema and can spread further, painful condition. DEEPER to that we can get nectrotizing fascitis - this is extrerme pain, tissue death and destroys the connective tissue

22
Q

what are the different types of oral streptococci

A

mutans, oralis, salivarius, anginosus

23
Q

what bacteria causes whooping cough

A

BORDATELLA PERTISUS - more than 2 weeks, 100 day cough. Lt in younger, milder in older.

24
Q

what bacteria causes diptheria

A

corynebacterium diptheriae - swollen neck, causing a pseudomembrane ? This disease releases a toxin therefore we must give an anti-toxin which is a med emerg.

25
Q

describe haemophilus influenza

A

it is not viral, can cause many diseases eg pneumonia, it is spread through droplets, can spread systemically

26
Q

what type of bacteria cause caries

A

s.mutans

27
Q

describe veilonella

A

gram negative , increases with caries but it is not pathogenic as it uses lactic acid as an energy source , changing lactic acid to weaker (beneficial to us as removes it sort of)

28
Q

name other types of carcinogenic bacteria

A

lactobacilli - adheres to dentine, gram positive, it only produces LACTIC ACID, it is used to determine caries risk.
actinomyces - gram positive, found supra and sub, found in root caries, difficult to remove due to its sticky network

29
Q

name the different types of supra bacteria

A

strep, actinomyces, lactobacilli and vionella (all found in plaque)

30
Q

name the different types of sub bacteria

A

strep, actinomyces, vionella, (found in supra too)

prevotella, fusobacteria, porfamoris gingivalis, treponema (these are not found supra, just sub gram negative)

31
Q

describe the sokrasnky study

A

took plaque samples from patients with different levels of perio disease.

analysis - this experiment identified how often the species were found together. he found 5 clusters…

32
Q

name the 5 clusters found in sokranskys study

A

red, orange, yellow, purple, green complexes (we are more focused on the red and orange studies due to it being related to deep perio pockets!)

33
Q

describe the red complex

A

this complex is associated with ACTIVE pockets and includes the bacteria - p.gingivalis, t.forsythia, t.denticola

34
Q

describe the orange complex

A

has 2 bacteria - prevotella and fusobacterium (anaerobes)

35
Q

name the black pigmented bacteria

A

porphyromonas gingivalis (part of the red complex), prevotella (part of the orange complex)

36
Q

what types of epidemiology are there

A

sporadic (infrequent), endemic (constant presence within area), epidemic (sudden, high levels), pandemic (sudden, over 2 continents, high levels)

37
Q

name the throat infections and the stages

A

strep throat - this can be either viral or bacterial.
viral symptoms include no fever, a cough and a runny nose. bacterial symptoms include sudden, pain and a fever.
There is a toxin produced which then results in scarlet fever. symptoms include, severe strep throat, destroys vascular tissues as RBCs leak out, there is an associated red rash.
If scarlet fever is left untreated, we can get rheumatic fever. This is an auto-immune disease which attacks tissues such as heart and joints

38
Q

name some of the treatments for GAS conditions

A

Penicillin/erythromycin in children
amoxycillin in children
coamoxycillin if repeat infecitons

39
Q

explain the process of oral streptococci and IE

A

Pathogen gains temporary access to the bloodstream
- Route is important

Pathogens rapidly adhere (stick) via platelet fibrin deposition

Some species obtain intracellular access

Proliferation of microbes formation of vegetation

Heart function impaired due to the vegetation

Embolization or haematogenous spread leading to range of complications as heart is not working as it should be!
- e.g. stroke, meningeal reaction, brain abscess etc.

40
Q

there are 4 components on the outer membrane of bacteria - what are they ..

A

Assymetric membrane

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Peptidoglycan

Lipoproteins

41
Q

treatment/vaccinations for whooping cough

A

vaccination policy 6in1 - UK CHILDREN
the vaccination targets pertactin which kills leukocytes. -removes mucus build up
antibiotics - erhythromycin can be used too

42
Q

treatment/vaccination for diptheria

A

vaccination policy 6in1
antitoxin as it is a med emergency
antibiotics- penicillin/erhythromycin

43
Q

treatment/vaccination for haemophilus influenza

A

uk vaccination policy 6in1
same ab resistance - DIFF ABS FOR DIFF DISEASES

44
Q

PNEUMONIA bacteria and symptoms

A

strep. pneumoniae

it is inflammation of the lungs, alpha haemolytic (partial breakdown of rbcs)

45
Q

treatment of pneumonia

A

vaccination
amoxycillin, erythromycin
reistance in elderly and immunocompramised

46
Q

TUBERCULOSIS symptoms and bacteria

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

productive cough, malaise, weight loss, night fever/sweats

47
Q

what are the risk factors of tuberculosis?

A

areas with vaccine policy, institutions, drug/alcohol use, homelessness, HIV/AIDS.
it is very infective - only 3 min bacteria needed!!!!
bacteria causing it has a waxy cell wall meaning it is protecting against antibiotics and immune system!

48
Q

what is the treatment of tuberculosis

A

a chest x ray, sputum test, skin test
antibiotic cocktail for 6-9 months
also a vaccination BCG - enhances macrophages to kill bacteria and IS NOW THE TARGETED POLICY!!!!!!!

RESIT FLASHCARDS (7 decks)

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